prevention of air pollution in tamil language
#1

prevention of air pollution in tamil language

(02-08-2016, 05:07 AM)Guest Wrote: prevention of air pollution in tamil language
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#2
Air Pollution - causes, effects and control measures
Air pollution - Air pollution may be defined as the presence of one or more contaminants like dust, mist, smoke and colour in the atmosphere that are injurious human beings, plants and animals.
Rapid industrialization
Fast urbanization
Rapid growth in population
Growth of vehicles on the roads and
Activities of human beings have disturbed the natural balance of the atmosphere.
The composition of Air is given below:
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon less than 1%
Carbondioxide 0.037%
Water vapour Remaining
Ozone, Helium and ammonia Trace amount

Sources of Air pollution
Sources of air pollution are of two types.
Natural sources and Artificial sources

Natural sources of pollution are those that are caused due to natural phenomena. Ex: Volcanic eruptions, Forest fires, Biological decay, Pollen grains, Marshes, Radioactive materials.

Artificial sources are those which are created by man. Ex: Thermal power plants, Vehicular emissions, Fossil fuel burning, agricultural activities etc.

Classification of Air Pollutants
Depending on the form of pollutants present in the environment, they are classified as:
Primary pollutants and
Secondary pollutants
Primary pollutants are those that are directly emitted in the atmosphere in the harmful form
Ex: CO, NO, CO2, SO2 etc.

Secondary pollutants are those that are formed by reacting with other components or some basic component of the atmosphere to form new pollutants.
Ex: Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2 or NO3) react with moisture in the atmosphere to give Nitric acid

Indoor air pollutants are primary air pollutants. The most important indoor air pollutant is Radon gas.
Sources of indoor air pollutants are:
Radon gas is emitted from building materials like bricks, concrete, tiles, etc that are derived from soil containing radium
Radon is also found in natural gas and ground water and is emitted while being used.
Burning fuel in the kitchen and cigarette smoke release pollutants like CO, SO2, HCHO (Formaldehyde) and BAP (Benzo-(A) pyrene).
SOURCES AND COMMON EFFECTS OF COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS
Carbonmonoxide: It is a colourless, odourless gas that is poisonous animals. It is formed by incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels.
Source of carbonmonoxide is cigarette smoking and incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (more than 77% comes from motor vehicle exhaust)
Health effects include reduced ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen to body cells and tissues. This leads to headache and anemia. At high levels it causes coma, irreversible brain damage and death.

Nitrogen Dioxide: It is a reddish-brown irritating gas that causes photochemical smog. In the atmosphere, it gets converted into nitric acid (HNO3). It is caused by burning fossil fuels in industries and power plants.
Health effects include lung irritation and damage. Environmental effects involve acid deposition leading to damage of trees, lakes, soil and ancient monuments. NO2 can damage fabrics.

Sulphur Dioxide: It is a colourless and irritating gas that is formed by combustion of sulphur containing fossil fuels such as coal and oil. In the atmosphere it is converted into Sulphuric acid which is a major component of acid deposition.
Health effects involve breathing problems for healthy people.
Environmental effects involve reduced visibility and acid deposition on trees, lakes, soils and monuments leading to their deterioration and adverse effect on aquatic life.

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM): Includes a variety of particles and droplets (aerosols) that can be suspended in atmosphere for short to long periods.
Human sources for SPM include burning coal in power and industrial units, burning diesel and other fuels in vehicles, agriculture, unpaved roads, construction, etc.
Health effects include nose and throat irritation, ling damage, bronchitis, asthama, reproductive problems and cancer.
Environmental Effects include reduced visibility and acid deposition. Acid deposition may lead to damaged trees, soils and aquatic life in lakes.

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with an unpleasant odour occurring in the stratosphere where it protects mankind fro the harmful ultra-violet rays from the Sun. However on earth, it is a pollutant.
It occurs on earth due to reaction between Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Nitrogen Oxides. It moderates the climate

Photochemical smog is a browinsh smoke that frequently forms on clear, sunny days over large cities with significant amounts of automobile traffic.It is mainly due to chemical reactions among nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight.
Health effects include breathing problems, cough, eye, nose and throat irritation, heart diseases, reduced resistance to colds and pneumonia.
Environmental effects involve damage to plants and trees. Additionally, Smog reduces visibility.

Lead is a solid and highly toxic metal. Its compounds are emitted into the atmosphere as particulate matter.
Human Sources: Paint, Smelters (metal refineries), lead manufacture, storage batteries, leaded petrol, etc
Health effects: Lead accumulates in the body and brain leading to nervous system damage and mental retardation (especially in children), digestive and other health problems. Lead containing chemicals are known to cause cancer in test animals.
Environmental Effects: It can harm wildlife.



Hydrocarbons Lower haydrocarbons accumulate due to decay of vegetable matter.
Human effects: They are carcinogenic

Chromium: It is a solid toxic metal emitted into the atmosphere as particulate matter.
Human sources: Paint, Smelters, Chromium manufacture, Chromium plating.
Health Effects: Perforation of nasal septum, chrome holes, etc.

CONTROL MEASURES
The atmosphere has several built-in self cleaning processes such as dispersion, gravitational settling, flocculation, absorption, rain-washout, etc to cleanse the atmosphere. However, control of contaminants at their source level is a desirable and effective method through preventive or control technologies.
Source control: Some measures that can be adopted in this direction are:
Using unleaded petrol
Using fuels with low sulphur and ash content
Encouraging people to use public transport, walk or use a cycle as opposed to private vehicles
Ensure that houses, schools, restaurants and playgrounds are not located on busy streets
Plant trees along busy streets as they remove particulates, carbon dioxide and absorb noise
Industries and waste disposal sites should be situated outsdide the city preferably on the downwind of the city.
Catalytic converters should be used to help control emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
Control measures in industrial centers
Emission rates should be restricted to permissible levels by each and every industry
Incorporation of air pollution control equipment in design of plant layout must be made mandatory
Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere for pollutants should be carried out to know the emission levels.
EQUIPMENT USED TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution can be reduced by adopting the following approaches.
Ensuring sufficient supply of oxygen to the combustion chamber and adequate temperature so that the combustion is complete thereby eliminating much of the smoke consisting of partly burnt ashes and dust.
To use mechanical devices such as scrubbers, cyclones, bag houses and electro-static precipitators in manufacturing processes. The equipment used to remove particulates from the exhaust gases of electric power and industrial plants are shown below. All methods retain hazardous materials that must be disposed safely. Wet scrubber can additionally reduce sulphur dioxide emissions.
The air pollutants collected must be carefully disposed. The factory fumes are dealt with chemical treatment.
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#3
மாசு தீர்வு முயற்சிகளும் ஒரு பெரிய பிரச்சனை. தடுப்பு தலையீடு எப்பொழுதும் காற்று மாசுபாடு கட்டுப்படுத்தும் ஒரு சிறந்த வழி ஏன் இந்த. இந்த தடுப்பு முறைகள் ஒன்று அரசாங்கம் (சட்டங்கள்) இருந்து அல்லது தனிப்பட்ட செயல்கள் மூலம் வர முடியும். பல பெரிய நகரங்களில், கண்காணிப்பு கருவிகள் நகரில் பல இடங்களில் நிறுவப்பட்டுள்ளது. அதிகாரிகள் காற்று தரம் சரிபார்க்க அவற்றை தவறாமல் வாசிக்க. நாம் தான் கீழே மேலும் பார்க்க:

அரசு (அல்லது சமூகம்) நிலை தடுப்பு
உலகம் முழுவதும் மாசுப்படுத்திகளின் factsGovernments ஏற்கனவே பச்சை ஆற்றல் அறிமுகப்படுத்தி காற்று மாசுபாடு எதிராக நடவடிக்கை எடுக்கவில்லை. சில அரசாங்கங்கள் பலத்த காற்று மாசு ஏற்படும் எந்த படிம எரிபொருட்களை, எரியும் குறைக்க, காற்று ஆற்றல் மற்றும் சூரிய ஆற்றல், அதே போல் மற்ற புதுப்பிக்கத்தக்க ஆற்றல் முதலீடு.

மாசுப் factsGovernments அவர்கள் இன்னும் மாசு ஏற்படுத்தும் கூட அதனால், அவர்கள் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் நிறைய உள்ளன, அவற்றின் உற்பத்தி நடவடிக்கைகள் மிகவும் பொறுப்புடன் நிறுவனங்கள் கட்டாயப்படுத்தி.

மாசுப் factsCar உற்பத்தி நிறுவனங்கள் முன் விட குறைவாக மாசினை இது மிகவும் ஆற்றல் வாய்ந்ததாக கார்கள் கட்டுகிறோம்.

தனிப்பட்ட அளவில் தடுப்பு
மாசுப் பயணங்களுக்கு போது பேருந்து, இரயில் அல்லது சைக்கிளை பயன்படுத்த உங்கள் குடும்பம் factsEncourage. நாம் அனைவரும் இந்த செய்தால், சாலையில் சில கார்கள் மற்றும் உற்பத்தி குறைவாக தீப்பொறிகள் அங்கு இருக்கும்.
மாசு நிறுத்த பஸ் பயன்படுத்த

மாசுப் ஆற்றல் (ஒளி, தண்ணீர், கொதிகலன், கெண்டி மற்றும் தீ காடுகளின்) புத்திசாலித்தனமாக factsUse. படிம எரிபொருட்களை நிறைய மின்சாரத்தை உருவாக்க எரித்தனர், மற்றும் நாம் பயன்படுத்த குறைக்க முடியாது என்றால், நாங்கள் கீழே நாம் உருவாக்க மாசு தொகையை குறைக்க வேண்டும், ஏனெனில் இது.

மாசுப் factsRecycle மற்றும் மறு பயன்பாடு விஷயங்கள். இந்த புதிய விஷயங்களை உற்பத்தி சார்புத் குறைக்கும். உற்பத்தி நினைவில் தொழில்கள் மாசு நிறைய உருவாக்க, நாம் மீண்டும் பயன்படுத்த முடியும் என்றால் ஷாப்பிங் பிளாஸ்டிக் பைகள், ஆடை, காகிதம் மற்றும் பாட்டில்கள் போன்ற விஷயங்களை, அது உதவ முடியும்.
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#4

The enhanced pace of developmental activities and rapid urbanization have resulted in
stress on natural resources and quality of life. The trend of increasing pollution in various
environmental media is evident from the deteriorating air and water quality, higher noise
levels, increasing vehicular emission etc. Realising the urgent need for arresting the trend,
Ministry adopted policy for Abatement of Pollution which provides for several mechanisms
in the form of regulations, legislation, agreements, fiscal incentives and other measures to
prevent and abate pollution. Further, realizing that conventional pollution control approach
by treatment at the end of the pipe is not delivering the desired benefits in terms of resource
conservation, the thrust has been shifted to pollution prevention and control through
promotion of clean and low waste technology, re-use and recycling, natural resource
accounting, Environmental Audit and Institutional and Human Resource Development. To
give effect to various measures and policies on ground, multi-pronged approach is adopted
which includes stringent regulations, Development of Environmental Standards, Control of
Vehicular Pollution, preparation of Zoning Atlas for Spatial Environmental Planning
including Industrial Estates etc.
Major activities carried out under several programmes/schemes during the year are as
follows :
Industrial Pollution Abatement through preventive strategies
This scheme is an amalgamation of the three on-going schemes viz. Environmental
Audit, Adoption of Clean Technologies in Small Scale Industries and Environmental
Statistics and Mapping, which have been continuing since eighth Five Year Plan. Due to
encouraging results and benefits to various small scale units, these schemes are being
continued during the 10th Five Year Plan also:
Environmental Statement (As a part of Environmental Audit)
Environmental audit is a management tool and provides a structure and comprehensive
mechanism for ensuring that the activities and products of an enterprise do no cause
unacceptable effects on the environment. Submission of an Environmental Statement by
polluting units seeking consent either under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974 or the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 or both and the
Authorization under the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 has
been made mandatory through a Gazette Notification of April, 1993 under the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986. The Environmental Statement enables the units to undertake a
comprehensive look at their industrial operations and facilities, understanding of material
flows and focus on areas where waste reduction and consequently saving in-put cost if
possible. The primary benefit of environmental audit is that it ensures cost effective
compliance of laws, standards, regulations, company policies etc.
During the year, action has been initiated to evolve model environmental statements in
various sectors for facilitating comparison in use of raw material, water conservation, energy
consumption etc. A project has been sponsored to Central Pollution Control Board for
evolving model environmental statement in the eight sectors viz. Sugar, Thermal Power
Projects, Cement, Paper and Pulp, Pesticides, Bulk Drugs, Tanneries and Textiles Activities.
Waste Minimisation/Cleaner Production
Waste minimization is one of the strategies adopted for minimizing the industrial
pollution. The objective of the scheme is to assist the small and medium scale industry in
adoption of cleaner production practices. A project has been sponsored to National
Productivity Council on “Waste Minimisation in Small Scale Industries” for establishment
and running of waste minimization circles in clusters of small scale industries, capacity
building in areas of cleaner production, establishment of demonstration units in selected
industrial sectors etc. So far 115 waste minimization circles have been established through
out the country and a large number of Organizations and Institutions have been trained in
waste minimization activities. The project was executed till November, 2002 under the World
Bank project on Industrial Pollution Prevention (IPP) as Phase-I and Phase-II is now being
continued with Ministry’s internal funds. Implementation of this project has helped in
identification of more than 200 options for resource and energy conservation in various small
scale industries.
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