Plz provide the ppt on bacterial concrete

Abstract
A novel technique in remediating cracks and fissures in concrete by utilizing microbiologically induced calcite (CaCo3) precipitation is discussed. Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a technique that comes under a broader category of science called biomineralization. It is a process by which living organisms form inorganic solids.

Bacillus Pasteruii, a common soil bacterium can induce the precipitation of calcite. As a microbial sealant, CaCO3 exhibited its positive potential in selectively consolidating simulated fractures and surface fissures in granites and in the consolidation of sand. MICP is highly desirable because the calcite precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities, is pollution free and natural. The technique can be used to improve the compressive strength and stiffness of cracked concrete specimens. A durability study on concrete beams treated with bacteria, exposed to alkaline, sulfate and freeze-thaw environments were also studied. The effect of different concentrations of bacteria on the durability of concrete was also studied. It was found that all the beams with bacteria performed better than the control beams (without bacteria).

The durability performance increased with increase in the concentration of bacteria. Microbial calcite precipitation was quantified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and visualized by SEM. The unique imaging and microanalysis capabilities of SEM established the presence of calcite precipitation inside cracks, bacterial impressions and a new calcite layer on the surface of concrete. This calcite layer improves the impermeability of the specimen, thus increasing its resistance to alkaline, sulfate and freeze-thaw attack.

Introduction
Humans have the ability to precipitate minerals in the form of bones and teeth continuously. This ability is not only confined to human beings; even Bacillus Pasteruii, a common soil bacterium, can continuously precipitate calcite . This phenomenon is called microbiologically induced calcite precipitation. Under favorable conditions Bacillus Pasteruii when used in concrete can continuously precipitate a new highly impermeable calcite layer over the surface of the already existing concrete layer. Calcite has a coarse crystalline structure that readily adheres to surfaces in the form of scales. In addition to the ability to continuously grow upon itself it is highly insoluble in water. Due to its inherent ability to precipitate calcite continuously bacterial concrete can be called as a “Smart Bio Material”. Cracks in concrete significantly influence the durability characteristics of the structure .

The bacterial remediation technique can be used for repairing structures of historical importance to preserve the aesthetics value, as conventional technique, such as epoxy injection cannot be used to remediate cracks in those structures . In natural environments, chemical CaCO3 precipitation (Ca2++ CO32-→ CaCO3↓) is accompanied by biological processes, both of which often occur simultaneously or sequentially. This microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP) comprises of a series of complex biochemical reactions. As part of metabolism, B. pasteurii produces urease, which catalyzes urea to produce CO2 and ammonia, resulting in an increase of pH in the surroundings where ions Ca2+ and CO32- precipitate as CaCO3. Possible biochemical reactions in medium to precipitate CaCO3 at the cell surface that provides a nucleation site can be summarized as follows.

Ca2+ + Cell → Cell-Ca2+ . . . . (1)

Cl- + HCO3- + NH3 → NH4Cl + CO32- . . (2)

Cell-Ca2+ + CO32- → Cell-CaCO3↓ . . . (3)

Earlier it was reported that sand consolidation by B. pasteurii reduced porosity by up to 50% and permeability by up to 90% in the areas where the cementation took place . Microbial calcite plugging was selective and its efficiency was affected by the porosity of the medium, the number of cells present and the total volume of nutrient added. The sand column loaded with bacteria was so tightly plugged that the column was fractured with a mechanical knife for examining. In a study conducted by Zhong and Islam, an average crack width of 2.7 mm and a mixture of silica fume (10%) and sand (90%) showed the highest compressive strength in the microbial remediation of granite. Concrete crack remediation by microorganisms was significantly different from that of granite remediation, mainly due to the fact that concrete maintained high levels of pH. An extreme alkaline environment of pH around 12 is the major hindering factor for growth of B. pasteurii, whose optimum pH for growth is around 9. However, B. pasteurii has the ability to produce endospores to endure an extreme environment

Objectives
The objectives of the investigation were:

• To study the effect of different concentrations of bacteria on the durability of concrete.

• To study the efficiency of bacteria when suspended in different mediums (water, phosphate-buffer and urea-CaCl2) on the durability of concrete.