pneumatic system
#1

pls send me the full seminar report on pneumatic systems
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#2
Pneumatics is the use of pressurized gas to affect mechanical motion.This field deals with the use of pressurized gas to affect mechanical motion.

Examples of pneumatic systems:
# Air brakes on buses and trucks, trains
# Compressed-air engine and compressed-air vehicles
# Gas-operated reloading
# Pneumatic actuator
# Pneumatic air guns
# Pneumatic cylinder
# Pressure regulator
# Pressure sensor
and much more.

Gases used:
compressed air is used by Pneumatic systems in fixed installations such as factories. a small quantity of oil and moisture are added to avoid corrosion . nitrogen - often referred to as OFN are used by Factory-plumbed, pneumatic-power users. Compressed oxygen is never used in pneumatically powered devices as it accelerates combustion.

Advantages of pneumatics

-Simplicity of Design And Control
-Storage
-Reliability: they tend to have long operating times. .
-Safety

Pneumatic power generation and control
The turbine engine is a generator of high-speed gas aimed to provide thrust for the aircraft.In this kind this kind of compressed air generation:
a)the system needs a regulation, because bled air conditions depend on engine
functioning conditions
b) a reduced amount of air can be bled from the
compressor to avoid significant breakdown in engine performance.

for details refer:
[attachment=3412]
http://en.wikipediawiki/Pneumatics
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#3

Submitted By:
Sanjay Singh

[attachment=11533]
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION

In many cases energy from compressed air has different advantages on board, especially when the aircraft is powered by turbine engines because air can be easily bled from the compressors.
Air is present at high pressures and temperatures and then, after regulation, can be used for heating and pressurization.
Environmental control.
Pressurisation for hydraulic oil reservoir, fuel tanks, water tanks.
PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
Separated into four main groups
1- Air Compressor stations
2- Transmitters and Controllers
3- Auxiliary devices
4- Controlled
The Uses Are Located In Different Areas Of The Aircraft; Like The Hydraulic System.
The principal use of the pneumatic system is the environmental control on large airliners .
The pneumatic system is normally made of a number of sub-systems equal to the number of engines.
Ice protection system may request an important flow rate of hot air in some parts of the flight mission, usually during climb.
PNEUMATIC USES
Controlled devices
Applications
Construction Equipment
Factory Automation
Aircraft Flight Systems
Shipboard Controls
Military Vehicles
Pneumatic Control System Applications
1- Most common in large commercial applications such as schools & hospitals
2- Central air handler units
3- Boilers
4- Chillers
5- Cooling tower systems
ADVANTAGES
Reliable, economical actuators.
Flexible, modular control components.
They require essentially no maintenance except for inspection and adjustment of the mechanical linkages.
Pneumatics can provide excellent control performance and can maintain set points accurately.
DISADVANTAGE
Air stations require routine maintenance
May require specialized tools for set-up and calibration
Technician has to be onsite to check the system.
CONCLUSION
Pneumatic controls have been used successfully in commercial buildings for decades.
Systems today are operating with control components that are 40 to 50 years old.
On the other hand, there have also been cases where pneumatic systems have been pulled out and replaced because of perceived poor performance.

[attachment=11534]
ABSRRACT
Control system utilize pressure differential created by gas source to drive the transfer of material. Pneumatic control system are all about using compressed air to operate and power a system air taken from the atmosphere and squeezed are compressed .This compresed air is then used a pneumatic system to do work . Pneumatic system are used in Meany field such as lorry brake, bicycle tyres, car tyres, paint spraying aircraft and hydraulic system In this paper, we propose an intelligent control method for a pneumatic servo nonlinear system with static friction. The real machine experiment confirmed the improvement of the speed of response and the stop accuracy and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
INTRODUCTION
In many cases energy from compressed air has different advantages on board, especially when the aircraft is powered by turbine engines because air can be easily bled from the compressors. Air is present at high pressures and temperatures and then, after regulation, can be used for heating and pressurization.
Main uses are as follows:
• Environmental control;
• Ice protection;
• Windscreen demisting and rain dispersal;
• Pressurisation for hydraulic oil reservoir, fuel tanks, water tanks;
• Turbine engine start;
• Turbines;
• Actuators (under very restricted conditions).[1]
PNEUMATIC POWER GENERATION AND CONTROL
The turbine engine is a generator of high-speed gas aimed to provide thrust for the aircraft. Before entering the combustion chamber and being mixed with atomized fuel, the external air is processed by a multi-stage axial compressor, driven by the turbine. From one or more stages of the compressor, a limited volume of air can be bled without significant degradation of the engine performances. Then the engine compressor is responsible for the pneumatic power generation on board. Two remarks are relevant for this kind of compressed air generation:
1. The system needs a regulation, because bled air conditions depend on engine functioning conditions and these vary from idle (low pressure and temperature) to max thrust (high pressure and temperature);
2. In some flight conditions a reduced amount of air can be bled from the compressor to avoid significant breakdown in engine performance, especially when max thrust is requested.
The sketch in fig. summaries the components of pneumatic system generation for a turbofan engine. Air is commonly bled at two different stages of the compressor: a low pressure port at an intermediate stage (around 7TH stage) and a high pressure port at a final stage (around 15TH stage). A check valve is necessary to prevent air flowing from high to low pressure bleeding ports. The low pressure bleeding port is normally open, but can be excluded with the shut-off valve if the engine is in critical conditions; the high pressure port is open when the pressure coming from the intermediate stage is not adequate, or a considerable amount of air is necessary, and anyway the engine must be in operating conditions that cannot be deteriorated by intensive air bleeding: typically this bleeding is operated during taxiing or descent, with the engine near idle.
A low flow rate can be engine, between 2 and 8 % of the total flow rate processed, but a significant amount of energy content. The same amount of energy is obtained by compressed air extracted from the APU, but the bleeding rate is here around 70-80% of the total flow rate, because the APU is not finalized to generate thrust with the exhaust gases. This allows operation of all pneumatic uses when the aircraft is on ground with engines off, in particular the environmental control system and engine starting. Bleed air conditions from the compressor stages range, for a modern turbofan, from 0.2 to more than 1 MPa in pressure and from 180 to more than 350 °C in temperature, depending on altitude and engine speed. Because the generated air is at a temperature higher than that requested by the uses, and may be too hot to be canalised safely to other regions of the aircraft, it is cooled through a heat exchanger with fresh external air before going to the pneumatic system delivery. By metering the fresh cooling air with a flow rate regulator, the compressed air temperature is controlled, usually for a final temperature around 175 °C. Moreover a regulator on the compressed air line keeps the pressure to system at about 0.3 MPa.
PNEUMATIC USES
The uses are located in different areas of the aircraft; like the hydraulic system, the pneumatic system is normally made of a number of sub-systems equal to the number of engines, capable of operating separately different uses but with the possibility of a full cross-feed in case of malfunction of the power generation in one sub-system. The principal use of the pneumatic system is the environmental control: on large airliners this may request an intense flow rate of compressed air to keep suitable environmental conditions in the cabin. This subject will be treated in a specific chapter. Ice protection system may request an important flow rate of hot air in some parts of the flight mission, usually during climb. This subject will be treated in a specific chapter too. Windscreen demisting, rain dispersal and reservoir pressurisation request low flow rate. Compressed air from APU of from ground compressors is used to start large turbine engines. Sometimes the aircraft is equipped with small turbines that, in emergency conditions, can be operated by the pneumatic system to drive hydraulic pumps or electrical generators
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