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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The Automation is the current trend, which transforms the merely conveyer to well equipped transmission lines to monitor the faults in the main line. As the country is opened to globalization, people’s income is rising. And the automation is now become essential part of the life. So, governments prefer not only to rise their automatic monitoring quality but also the faults of it. As a result, transmission lines are flowing throughout the country like blood veins. This leads to more number of transmission towers, and government prefer to monitor with their own techniques.
This increase in number of transmission line towers in forest areas brings not only big issue to monitor where exactly the fault is but also headache to check the faults, Electric Department, and others too. It is hard to keep & maintain the details of the each tower, which is placed in the forest areas. This inefficiency sets some evil things to work on forest areas. Such as, in case of transmission line cut or short circuit in the transmission line or any such faults which occurs in the transmission line, Electric board may not trace the exact location of the towers in which fault is occurred very easily, as the tower details are not monitored individually.
Suppose the power generation plants wants to transmit the power to the city or rural areas in between while transmitting the power if any this happens in the transmission line then its somewhat difficult to monitor the things and as we know its somewhat hectic job to even monitor where exactly the fault is and in which part of the transmission line. How to do it?
As we know that if any faults occur in any of the system it takes time to discover the fault and location of the fault in order to overcome this major disadvantage of finding out the faults in transmission line PHS (Personal Handy System) system is being introduced.
In this system, vehicles are tracked using Earth Orbit Satellites continuously. Not only this, the electric can see the road map of the location on which transmission line is heading towards or forecast of the locality or whether the heading road is clear or any fault occurred in the line and if fault is occurred then with the help of PHS system it’s very easy to monitor where exactly the location of the faulty transmission line.
The Project is not about the PHS, but about alternative technology which is much economical, simple and Indigenous in design. There by resulting in an effective system for our own network system of tracking & monitoring the various parameters of the line and keep the updated information to the electric department.
With help of this project, it is possible to easily track particular vehicle for its geographical locations on a computer screen. The operator can see the towers current location in real time mode. Here the communication network is comparable to the cellular network in operation. So whenever a tower is equipped with it PHS Transmitter enters a “cell” / geographical location, that particular “Cell Unit” or “Cell Broadcaster” sends a wireless message to the centralized base unit. In turn the base unit receives the VHF message from the “Cell Broadcaster” and after processing & decoding displays the geographical location of the faulty tower location on a graphical form on the computer monitor screen. This way the user can find the whereabouts of the transmission tower in real time mode.
WHEN EVER A FAULT IS OCCURRED AN WIRELESS INFORMATION WILL BE SENT TO THE BASE STATION OR ELECTRIC DEPARTMENT. if THE TRANSMISSION line is in city limits where by there are GSM or mobile signals are available then at that time if any faults occurs in the transmission line then with the help of GSM technology we can monitor the faults and even we can monitor in which tower the fault occurred but what about not reachable areas where there is no network available to track, at that time we are going to use PHS system, where by in not reachable areas this PHS system communicates with satellite and sends the information to the base station if the faults occur in the city limits then the same PHS system acts like an GSM transmitter and starts transmitting the signals to the board.
In this way we can keep an eye on all the transmission lines and keep on monitoring
CHAPTER 2
What is PHS?
As in our project we are using PHS technology using this technology it is possible to detect the fault occurred in the not reachable area also.
2.1 PHS technology
PHS (personal handy system) this system acts like an cordless phone in home, and mobile phone outside the home and satellite phone once it goes out of reach where GSM cannot track at that time.
 This system is recently launched in Japan, china, and Taiwan.
 PHS comes under 3.9 G
 It has very vast application.
PHS is, essentially, a cordless telephone like DECT, with the capability to handover from one cell to another. PHS cells are small, with transmission power of base station a maximum of 500 mW and range typically measures in tens or at most hundreds of meters (some can range up to about 2 kilometers in line-of-sight), as opposed to the multi-kilometer ranges of GSM. This makes PHS suitable for dense urban areas, but impractical for rural areas, and the small cell size also makes it difficult if not impossible to make calls from rapidly moving vehicles.
PHS uses TDMA/TDD for its radio channel access method, and 32 kbit/s ADPCM for its voice codec. Modern PHS phone can also support many value-added services such as high speed wireless data / Internet connection (64 kbit/s and higher), WWW access, e-mailing, text messaging and even color image transfer.
2.2 Advantages
 High-quality voice transmissions
Using ADPCM coding results in high-quality voice transmissions.
 Current networks usable without additional setup
In contrast to the cellular systems, PHS Systems do not require an independent network.
This means that pre-existing network facilities can continue to be fully utilized.
 Low power consumption
PHS handsets are highly power saving, featuring exceptionally low power consumption of 10mW that allows extended, interruption-free use.
 Exceptional mobility even with microcells
Cell stations feature a microcell structure for precise area coverage. Incorporating the latest developments such as Adaptive Array Antenna and Seamless Handover technologies provides enhanced mobility without compromise. The result is uninterrupted communications with the unencumbered mobile advantages of conventional cellular phones
 High-speed wireless data transmissions
In addition to 64Kbps PIAFS (BE) transmissions, packet data transmissions at 128Kbps maximum are achieved. A higher transmission speed surpassing 1Mbps is projected in the near future as new technological developments come online. Together with enhanced mobility, communications are evolving into even more user-friendly and stress-free forms.
3.1 Block diagram description
3.1.1 Microcontroller
In our project we are using the AT89c51 microcontroller. Here AT stands for ATMEL, 89 for 8000 series, C for CMOS logic and 51 for five interrupts and one reset.
3.1.2 Power supply unit
The power supply, unsung hero of every electronic circuit, plays very important role in smooth running of the connected circuit. The main object of this ‘power supply’ is, as the name itself implies, to deliver the required amount of stabilized and pure power to the circuit.
The circuit needs two different voltages, +5V & +12V, to work. These dual voltages are supplied by this specially designed power supply.
3.1.3 LCD
Liquid Crystal Display used for displaying the indication of line cut or any fault occurred in the transmission line.
3.1.4 Buffer and drivers
Buffers are normally used to provide extra current drive at the output, but can also be used to regularise the logic present at an interface. Here the IC 4050 acts as Buffer and it is 16-pin DIL packaged
Since the digital outputs of the some circuits cannot sink much current, they are not capable of driving relays directly. So, high-voltage high-current Darlington arrays are designed for interfacing low-level logic circuitry and multiple peripheral power loads.
3.1.5 RF and IR trans-receiver
The RF trans-receiver are used to transmit and receive the signals from one base station to another and in our project RF trans-receiver used to communicate with satellite module to base station. IR trans-receiver is placed in between the transmission line towers to sending the fault occurred in line.