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Abstract

A microcontroller is a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips.Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to A microcontroller is a self-contained system with peripherals, memory and a processor that can be used as an embedded system. Most programmable microcontrollers that are used today are embedded in other consumer products or machinery including phones, peripherals, automobiles and household appliances for computer systems. Due to that, another name for a microcontroller is "embedded controller." Some embedded systems are more sophisticated, while others have minimal requirements for memory and programming length and a low software complexity. Input and output devices include solenoids, LCD displays, relays, switches and sensors for data like humidity, temperature or light level, amongst others.
Types of Microcontrollers

Introduction

Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (single-digit milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.

Microprocessors are used to execute big and generic applications, while a microcontroller will only be used to execute a single task within one application. Some of the benefits of microcontrollers include the following:
· Cost advantage: The biggest advantage of microcontrollers against larger microprocessors is that the design and hardware costs are much lesser and can be kept to a minimum. A microcontroller is cheap to replace, while microprocessors are ten times more expensive.

· Lesser power usage: Microcontrollers are generally built using a technology known as Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS). This technology is a competent fabrication system that uses less power and is more immune to power spikes than other techniques.

· All-in-one: A microcontroller usually comprises of a CPU, ROM, RAM and I/O ports, built within it to execute a single and dedicated task. On the other hand, a microprocessor generally does not have a RAM, ROM or IO pins and generally uses its pins as a bus to interface to peripherals such as RAM, ROM, serial ports, digital and analog IO. Read more about the difference between microcontroller and microprocessor.

How does a Microcontroller work?
Microcontroller has an input device in order to get the input and an output device (such as LED or LCD Display) to exhibit the final process. Let us look into the illustration of how a microcontroller works in a Television.

The Television has a remote control as an Input device and the TV screen as the output device. The signal sent from the remote control is captured by the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls the channel selection, the amplifier system and picture tube adjustments such as hue, brightness, contrast etc.

General architecture of a microcontroller
The architecture of a microcontroller depends on the application it is built for. For example, some designs include usage of more than one RAM, ROM and I/O functionality integrated into the package.
Microcontroller Architecture, architecture of microcontrollers
The architecture of a typical microcontroller is complex and may include the following:
1. A CPU, ranging from simple 4-bit to complex 64-bit processers.
2. Peripherals such as timers, event counters and watchdog.
3. RAM (volatile memory) for data storage. The data is stored in the form of registers, and the general-purpose registers store information that interacts with the arithmetic logical unit (ALU).
4. ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or flash memory for program and operating parameter storage.
5. Programming capabilities.
6. Serial input/output such as serial ports.
7. A clock generator for resonator, quartz timing crystal or RC circuit.
8. Analog-to-digital convertors.
9. Serial ports.
10. Data bus to carry information.

There are several different kinds of programmable microcontrollers at Future Electronics. We stock many of the most common types categorized by several parameters including Bits, Flash size, RAM size, number of input/output lines, packaging type, supply voltage and speed. Our parametric filters will allow you to refine your search results according to the required specifications.
Programmable microcontrollers contain general purpose input/output pins. The number of these pins varies depending on the microcontroller. They can be configured to an input or an output state by software. When configured to an input state, these pins can be used to read external signals or sensors. When they are configured to the output state, they can drive external devices like LED displays and motors.
Microcontrollers from Future Electronics

Future Electronics has a wide range of programmable microcontrollers, including pic, low power, LCD, USB and wireless microcontrollers from several manufacturers. Once you decide if you need 8 bit, 16 bit general purpose, 16 bit digital signal controllers or 32 bit microcontrollers, you will be able to choose from their technical attributes and your search results will be narrowed to match your specific microcontroller application needs.
We deal with several manufacturers such as Cypress, Microchip, NXP, Renesas Electronics, STMicroelectronics or Zilog. You can easily refine your programmable microcontroller product search results by clicking your preferred microcontroller brand from the list of manufacturers below.
Applications for Microcontrollers:

Programmable microcontrollers are designed to be used for embedded applications, unlike microprocessors that can be found in PCs. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled devices including power tools, toys, implantable medical devices, office machines, engine control systems, appliances, remote controls and other types of embedded systems.
Choosing the Right Microcontroller:

With the FutureElectronics.com parametric search, when looking for the right microcontrollers, you can filter the results by the number of Bits required. We carry the following size microcontrollers:
32 bit Microcontrollers in Production Ready Packaging or R&D Quantities:

If the quantity of 32 bit microcontrollers is less than a full reel, we also offer many of our 32 bit microcontroller products in tray, tube or individual quantities that will avoid unneeded surplus.
8 bit Microcontrollers
16 bit Digital Signal Controllers (DSC)
16 bit General Purpose Microcontrollers
32 bit Micorcontrollers
Once you choose the microcontroller size, you can narrow them down by various attributes: by RAM size, Flash size, number of input lines, speed and supply voltage to name a few. You will be able to find the right LCD, low power, USB, wireless or pic microcontrollers using these filters.
Microcontrollers in Production Ready Packaging or R&D Quantities

If the quantity of microcontrollers you require is less than a full reel, we offer customers several of our programmable microcontrollers in tray, tube or individual quantities that will help you avoid unneeded surplus.
Future Electronics also offers clients a unique bonded inventory program designed in order to eliminate potential problems that can arise from an unpredictable supply of products that could contain raw metals and products with erratic or long lead times. Talk with your nearest Future Electronics branch and find out more on how you and your company can avoid possible shortages.