pdc lab viva questions with answers pdf
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pdc lab viva questions with answers pdf

Prior to Lab session:

Study the working principle of high pass and low pass RC circuits for non-sinusoidal signal inputs.
Study the definitions of % tilt, time constant, cut-off frequencies and rise time of RC circuits.
Study the procedure for conducting the experiment in the lab.
Objectives:

To design High pass and Low pass RC circuits for different time constants and verify their responses for a square wave input of given frequency.
To find the % tilt of high pass RC circuit for long time constant.
To study the operation of high pass RC circuit as a differentiator and low pass circuit as an integrator.
Apparatus:

CRO (Dual Channel 0-20 MHz) - 1 No.
Signal Generator ( 1Hz to 1 MHz) - 1No.
Decade capacitance box - 1 No.
Resistor (100 K) - 1 No.
Connecting wires
Bread board

Theory:

Resistors and Capacitors can be connected in series or parallel in various combinations. The RC circuits can be configured in two ways as shown above circuit diagrams. i.e.,

i) High Pass RC circuit ii) Low Pass RC circuit

High Pass RC circuit:

The reactance of the capacitor depends upon the frequency of operation. At very high frequencies, the reactance of the capacitor is very low. Hence the capacitor in fig.1.1 acts as short circuit for high frequencies. As a result the almost entire input appears at the output across the resistor.

At low frequencies, the reactance of the capacitor is very high. So the capacitor acts as almost open circuit. Hence the output is very low. Since the circuit allows only high frequencies, it is called as high pass RC circuit.

High - pass RC circuit as a differentiator:

In high pass RC circuit, if the time constant is very small in comparison with the time required for the input signal to make an appreciable change, the circuit is called a “Differentiator”. Under these circumstances the voltage drop across R will be very small in comparison with the drop across C. Hence we may consider that the total input Vi appears across C. So that the current is determined entirely by the capacitor.

i = C dVi/dt.

The output voltage across R is, Vo = RC (dVi/dt).

i.e., The output voltage is proportional to the differential of the input. Hence the high pass RC circuit acts as a differentiator when RC << T.

Low Pass RC circuit:

The reactance of the capacitor depends upon the frequency of operation. At very high frequencies, the reactance of the capacitor is almost zero. Hence the capacitor in fig.1.2 acts as short circuit. As a result, the output will fall to zero.

At low frequencies, the reactance of the capacitor is infinite. So the capacitor acts as open circuit. As a result the entire input appears at the output. Since the circuit allows only low frequencies, it is called as low pass RC circuit.

Low - Pass RC circuit as an integrator:

In low pass circuit, if the time constant is very large in comparison with the time required for the input signal to make an appreciable change, the circuit is called an “integrator”. Under these circumstances the voltage drop across C will be very small in comparison to the drop across R and almost the total input Vi appears across R .i.e., i = Vi/R.

∴The output signal across C is



i.e., The output is proportional to the integral of the input. Hence the low pass RC circuit acts as a integrator for RC >> T.

Design:

RC high pass circuit:

Large time constant: RC >> T; Where RC is time constant and T is time period of input signal.
Let RC = 10 T,

Choose R = 100k, f = 1kHz.

C = 10 / (103X 100X103 ) = 0.1µf

Medium time constant: RC = T
C = T/R = 1/ (103X100X103 ) = 0.01µf

Short time constant: RC << T
RC = T/10 => C = T/10R = 1/(10X103X100X103) = 0.001 µf.

RC low pass circuit: (Design procedure is same as RC high pass circuit)

Long time constant : RC >> T, C = 0.1µf
Medium time constant : RC = T, C = 0.01 µf
Short time constant : RC = T/10, C = 0.001 µf
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