i am dhanalakshmi doing my second year IT..i need to prepare a paper presentation to be submitted within two weeks n now in order to prepare for that i need to look out for a sample paper to get some ideas on it..plzz help me out with it...

Information technology (IT) is the application of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). In 2012, Zuppo proposed an ICT hierarchy where each hierarchy level "contain some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communications." Business/IT was one level of the ICT hierarchy.

The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, engineering, healthcare, e-commerce, and computer services.

Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 BC,[6] but the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.

Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical (1450–1840), electromechanical (1840–1940), electronic (1940–present), and moreover, IT as a service. This article focuses on the most recent period (electronic), which began in about 1940.



The field of information technology continues to impact more organizations worldwide as new technologies and applications are implemented to strengthen everyday business processes. Individuals within these organizations continue to face the challenge of developing and implementing the latest innovative programs that successfully apply information technology applications within various types and sizes of companies and businesses. Emerging Trends and Challenges in Information Technology Management presents the latest issues surrounding the management of information technology in organizations, and explains how these issues are addressed and used for the benefit of practitioners and educators around the world.
These proceedings from the 17th Annual Information Resources Management Association (IRMA) International Conference provide knowledge related to the latest trends and challenges dealing with all aspects of information technology applications and management. Topics presented within the proceedings include: distance learning technologies, data warehousing and mining, information quality management, geographic information systems, knowledge management, information technology education, and many more.

Emerging Trends and Challenges in Information Technology Management includes the latest research in the area of IT utilization and management, and supports those involved in the research and teaching of information technology aspects worldwide.