optical fiber communication notes by arun kumar full notes
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Optical fibers can be used to transmit light and, therefore, information over long distances. Fiber-based systems have largely replaced radio transmitter systems for the transmission of long-distance optical data. They are widely used for telephony, but also for Internet traffic, high-speed local area networks (LAN), cable television (CATV), and increasingly for shorter distances within buildings. In most cases, silica fibers are used, except for very short distances, where plastic optical fibers may be advantageous.

Mainly because of their very high data transmission capacity, fiber optic transmission systems can achieve much lower cost than systems based on copper coaxial cables, if high data rates are needed. For low data transmission speeds, where their total transmission capacity can not be used, fiber optic systems may have less economic advantages, or even be more expensive (not due to fibers, but to additional transceivers). The main reason, however, for the still widespread use of copper cables for the "last mile" (connection to homes and offices) is simply that copper cables are already established, while new digging operations would be necessary to establish fiber optic cables.

Fiber communications is already widely used in metropolitan areas (fiber-optic links), and even fiber to the home (FTTH) is increasingly widespread - especially in Japan, where private Internet users can now get connections to Affordable Internet with data speeds of 100 Mbit / s - well above the performance of current ADSL systems, which use telephone lines. In other countries, it is often attempted to extract higher transmission capacities from existing copper cables, eg. with the technique of vectorization, in order to avoid the cost of placing fiber cables in the premises. This, however, is increasingly seen only as a temporary solution, which can not satisfy a further growth in demand for bandwidth.
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