14-02-2017, 04:32 PM
Electronic toll collection (ETC) aims to eliminate delays on toll roads by electronically charging tolls. ETC determines whether passing passengers are enrolled in the program, alerts those responsible for enforcing the orders of those who are not, and electronically sends the accounts of registered car owners without the need to stop them.
In 1959, Nobel laureate William Vickrey was the first to propose an electronic toll system for the Washington Metropolitan Area. He proposed that each car be equipped with a transponder. "The personalised transponder signal would be collected when the car passed through an intersection and then re-transmitted to a central computer that would calculate the load according to the intersection and time of day and add it to the car bill." Collection of tolls has facilitated the concession to the private sector of the construction and operation of urban highways, as well as it has made possible the improvement and the practical implementation of schemes of fixation of rates of road congestion in a limited number of urban areas to restrict the car - Areas.
In the 1960s and 1970s, free-flowing tolling was tested with fixed transponders at the bottom of vehicles and readers, which were located below the road surface.
Norway has been the world's pioneer in the widespread application of this technology. ETC was introduced for the first time in Bergen, in 1986, operating along with the traditional tolls. In 1991, Trondheim introduced the world's first use of electronic tolling at full speed completely unaided. Norway now has 25 tollbooths operating with electronic fee collection (EFC), as Norwegian technology is called (see AutoPASS). In 1995, Portugal became the first country to apply a universal system unique to all tolls in the country, Via Verde, which can also be used in car parks and gas stations. The United States is another country with widespread use of ETC in several states, although many US toll roads maintain the option of manual collection.
The cashless toll is when cash tolls are not collected on the road. Electronic toll collection becomes the main payment option, with payment by mail as a secondary option. [3] Open toll (ORT) is an electronic toll type without the use of tolls. The main advantage of ORT is that users can drive through the toll plaza at freeway speeds without having to slow down to pay the toll.