Submitted by
AMEERMUSTHAFA P.K

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ABSTRACT
This Seminar describes requirements and fundamental technologies to enable the provision of a new generation network beyond the Internet and the next generation network, both of which are based on IP protocols. Although the Internet has grown into a social infrastructure and the NGN will replace legacy telephone networks and cellular phone networks in the near future, it is time to start R&D on revolutionary network technologies and clean-slate designed architecture beyond the IP structure.
INTRODUCTION
In late spring of 2008, the number of FTTH service contracts in Japan exceeded the number of DSL and reached 13 million. The number is expected to reach 30 million by 2010, which is more than 50 per cent of the Japanese households. The growth of FTTH also implies that the number of DSL contracts has been declining since 2006 (Figure 1). Furthermore, the estimated volume of data traffic on the Internet today is around 1Tbit/s in Japan alone. That is 1 000 times increase over the past 10 years. In the year 2020, it is expected to have increased another 1 000 times compared to today. Here it is noteworthy to remember that the origin of the Internet goes back almost 40 years to ARPANET and the transmission control protocol (TCP, which was published in IEEE Transactions on Communications in 1974). TCP was then separated into an internet layer protocol and a transport layer protocol in 1978. At that time nobody could probably have foreseen the enormous impact that ARPANET and TCP/IP have had on our lives and society.
In the early seventies security and QoS (quality of service) were not even considered. Along with the introduction of new applications and the explosion of data transmission, several extensions and modifications have been made to the original TCP/IP in order to accommodate new requirements. However, since 2000 there has been an increasing level of concern and discussion in the networking research community as to how long it will be possible to do incremental changes to this patchwork. The perception is also that it has become increasingly difficult to deal with the complexity of the Internet and that it will ultimately reach a point where the maintenance and error recovery will be exceedingly difficult. Another quantitative argument is the limitation of today’s Internet regarding the enormous power consumption of Internet routers in the future.
1.1 Next Generation Network
The standardization body ITU-T is establishing standards for Next Generation Network (NGN), which is currently in a deployment phase. In fact, during 2008 NGN service has been launched commercially in Japan by NTT. It is based on the IP network and is often characterized with the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. In this report the term NXGN will be used onwards for Next Generation Network in order to avoid ambiguity. This term is used by NICT.
The Internet is based on a best effort bearer function to interconnect multiple router based networks. This means that no overall network planning and no clear responsibility and control rule exist among networks. TCP/IP protocol is the only common rule and users have the freedom to install any applications. On the contrary, NXGN is regarded as an effort to re-establish QoS controlled bearer functions to interconnect multiple networks with clear responsibility, meaning: IP based network with network control functions and with clear responsibility for the control, QoS control and security functions installed, and maintaining the connection function of the Internet (Figure 2). Basically, the goals of NXGN are fourfold:
1. Replace legacy telephone networks with state-of-the-art IP-based networks.
2. Integrate various services over IP networks, such as triple-play services of voice, data and video, and quadruple play services adding cellular phone services to triple-play.
3. Solve the issues that the Internet is facing, namely: application-oriented QoS control, mobility support for FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence), security weakness, etc.
4. Maintain safety and reliability at the level of telephone services to meet the requirements for the social infrastructure.
1.2 u-Japan
In order to solve the societal and economic challenges that Japan is facing, due to an ageing population and increased international competition from China and South Korea especially regarding the IT-industry, Japan has launched a strategy to create a ubiquitous network society: u-Japan. The goal of u-Japan is to create a society by 2010 where IT plays an integral part, interconnecting everything and everyone seamlessly, everywhere and always. The Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) has in connection with their u-Japan strategy also launched a strategy for necessary R&D activities, which is called UNS, Ubiquitous Network Society. It stands on three pillars: Universal Communications, New Generation Network, and Safety and Security. The main focus of this report addresses the second pillar, New Generation Network, which also involves the concept of ubiquity.
In the ubiquitous network society that Japan foresees there will be a huge number o sensors and appliances surrounding us. All of these devices will transfer content in various ways, from tiny sensors sending small amount of data very frequently to applications transmitting and receiving massive amount of data. An example is IP-TV, where large volume of data is accessed occasionally and another example is small RFID tags that only transmit small amount of data, but much more frequently (Figure 3).