Modems and ISDN
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Modems and ISDN

The modern telephone system is designed to carry the sound of a human voice talking normally. The engineers save money by cutting out the high a low pitch sounds that occur only in music, or sounds that last for a very short period of time. Modems convert data into sound so that it can be sent through the phone system. Just as the telegraph sent data by alternating dots and dashes, the earliest modems sent data by alternating the sound on a phone between two tones. However, modern modems move much larger amounts of data by sending combinations of tones at different frequencies. If you have access to all possible frequencies, there is an enormous amount of data you can carry. Each TV channel is about 3 Megabits of data per second, and a cable system carries nearly 100 channels.

However, the telephone system is designed to only handle the frequencies of the human voice, and the maximum amount of data it can theoretically carry is 4000 bytes per second per phone line. Trying to squeeze as much data as possible into the available frequencies makes the signal vulnerable to "noise" that is introduced from a bad connection, "crosstalk" from other phone conversations in the same bundle of wires, and external electrical sources. Computer chips made it possible to build a "smart" modem that transmits a block of data, waits for an acknowledgment, and retransmits the block if it something went wrong the first time.

Then data compression was added. In current use, the information actually exchanged between the two modems may be much more complicated and sophisticated than the data that either computer sees.Digital phone equipment is used everywhere except at your home or office. Since the limit on data transmission is caused by the conversion of sound to a digital signal, the obvious direct solution to the problem is to extend digital signaling all the way to the home. A T1 line would provide this type of connection. It carries 24 phone circuits each with 8000 bytes per second, or a single circuit of around 1.5 Million bits per second.
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[attachment=9006]
1 GENERALITES - DEFINITIONS
MODEM = MOdulateur - DEModulateur
Le rôle d’un modem est d’adapter le signal d’un message au support de transmission
utilisé. Nous n’étudierons ici que les modems destinés au RTC (Réseau Téléphonique
Commuté).
1.3 puissance - affaiblissement
◊ Affaiblissement : A = 10 log (Ps/Pe)
sur RTC l’affaiblissement maximum est d’environ 30 dB.
Attention, derrière certains PABX il peut y avoir un léger gain qui perturbe la
réception de certains modems.
◊ Puissance : elle s’exprime en dBm (0 dBm = 1mW)
Sur RTC un modem émet habituellement à -10dBm (distorsion et écho au delà).
Un modem doit être capable de décoder un signal compris entre 0dBm (maximum du
signal sur RTC) et -43..-48dBm (hystérésis du 109).
Bruit
 Bruit blanc : provoqué par l’agitation thermique, son spectre est plat.
 Bruit impulsionnel : provoqué par des évènements extérieurs (couplages
électromagnétiques, orages...). Il est source d’erreurs imprévisibles.
 Rapport Signal/Bruit : Puissance signal / puissance bruit (en dB)
Sur lignes analogiques , S/B est de 25dB minimum.
Sur lignes numérisées , S/B maximum = bruit de quantification = 38dB (selon loi A
ou loi µ pour un signal de -5dBm à -30dBm).
Rapidité de modulation
La rapidité de modulation est le nombre d’états significatifs par seconde.
R = 1/∆ en Bauds
(∆ = durée d’un état).
Nyquist à démontré (en 1924) que :
RMAX = 2 W
W = Bande passante du support.
sur RTC la bande est comprise entre 300Hz et 3400Hz donc W=3100Hz
d’où
Rmax = 6200 Bauds.
1.4 Débit (vitesse de transfert)
Le débit en ligne s’exprime en bits par seconde (bit/s), c’est la seule grandeur qui
intéresse l’utilisateur.
D = R log2 V
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