microwave and radar engineering by kulkarni pdf download
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Microwave and radar engineering by kulkarni
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Microwave engineering belongs to the study and design of microwave circuits, components and systems. Fundamental principles are applied to the techniques of analysis, design and measurement in this field. The short wavelengths involved distinguish this discipline from electronic engineering. This is because there are different interactions with circuits, transmissions and propagation characteristics at microwave frequencies. Some theories and devices that belong to this field are antennas, radar, transmission lines, space-based systems (remote sensing), measurements, microwave radiation hazards and safety measures.


During World War II microwave engineering played an important role in the development of radar that could accurately locate enemy aircraft and aircraft with a beam of focused EM radiation. The fundamentals of this discipline are found in Maxwell's equations and Heinrich Hertz's work, William Thomson's waveguide theory, JC Bose, Russell's klystron and Varian Bross, as well as the contributions of Perry Spencer and others. Identify electromagnetic waves above 103 megahertz (1 Gigahertz) up to 300 Gigahertz due to the short physical wavelengths of these frequencies. Short wavelength energy offers distinct advantages in many applications. For example, sufficient directivity can be obtained using relatively small antennas and low power transmitters. These features are ideal for use in military and civil radars and communications applications. Small antennas and other small components are possible thanks to microwave frequency applications. The size advantage can be considered as part of a solution to problems of space, or weight, or both. The use of microwave frequencies is significant for the design of onboard radar, since it makes possible the detection of smaller targets. Microwave frequencies present special problems in the transmission, generation and design of circuits that are not found at lower frequencies. Conventional circuit theory is based on voltages and currents, while microwave theory is based on electromagnetic fields.

The apparatus and techniques can be qualitatively described as "microwaves" when the wavelengths of the signals are approximately the same as the dimensions of the equipment, so that the theory of circuits of clustered elements is inaccurate. As a consequence, practical microwave technique tends to move away from the resistors, capacitors and discrete inductors used with lower frequency radio waves. Instead, distributed circuit elements and transmission line theory are more useful methods for design and analysis. Open and coaxial wire transmission lines give way to the waveguides and the band line, and the tuned circuits of grouped elements are replaced by cavity resonators or resonant lines. The effects of reflection, polarization, dispersion, diffraction and atmospheric absorption usually associated with visible light are of practical importance in the study of microwave propagation. The same equations of electromagnetic theory apply to all frequencies.
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