Microprocessor Microcontroller and Programming Basics
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Course objectives
• to develop an in-depth understanding of
o the operation of microprocessors and microcontrollers
o machine language programming
o microprocessor interfacing techniques
• to be able to use Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller competently
• to be able to design and implement microprocessor-based systems in both hardware and
software
• to be able to apply this knowledge to more advanced structures
Common computer organization
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is a circuitry, which is capable of doing various operations (for example
ADD, SHIFT, AND, OR, etc) on certain on-chip registers.
CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the combination of the control logic, associated registers and the
arithmetic logic unit.

CPU structure
The main functions are
–data transfer
–arithmetic and logic operations
–decision making (instructional flow control)
The register array consists of at least one accumulator, program counter and stack pointer.
The control unit controls all the operations in a CPU and basically it puts the CPU in one of the fetch
and execution phases.

Main memory types
• ROM (read-only memory)
o programmed permanently at the factory, cannot be altered
• RAM (random-access memory)
o read and write memory
• EPROM (erasable programmable ROM)
o nonvolatile, written electrically but erased optically
• EEPROM (electrically ROM)
o nonvolatile, both written and erased electrically