micro optic theodolite wikipedia
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Advatages of optic theodolite explain it say some thing about it
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A theodolite / θiədɪlaɪt / is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are mainly used for topography applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes such as meteorology and rocket launching.


A modern theodolite consists of a mobile telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes: the horizontal axis or the axis of the stump and the zenith axis. A theodolite measures the vertical angles as angles between the zenith, forward or down-typically approximately 90 and 270 degrees. When the telescope is aiming at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically seconds arc.

A theodolite can be transit or non-transit. In a transit theodolite, the telescope can be inverted in the vertical plane, while the rotation in the same plane is restricted to a semicircle in a theodolite without transit. Some types of transit theodolites do not allow the measurement of vertical angles.

The level of the constructor is sometimes confused with a transit theodolite, but it does not measure horizontal or vertical angles. Use a bubble level to set a telescope level to define a line of sight along a horizontal plane.

There is a long history of using theodolites to measure high winds, using specially made theodolites to track the horizontal and vertical angles of special weather balloons called roof balloons or pilot or pylons. The first attempts were made in the early years of the nineteenth century, but the instruments and procedures did not develop until a hundred years later. This method was widely used in World War II and later, and was gradually replaced by radio and GPS measurement systems from the 1980s onwards.

The pibal theodolite uses a prism to bend the optical path at 90 degrees so the position of the operator's eye does not change as the elevation is changed through full 180 degrees. The theodolite is typically mounted on a rugged steel support, configured so that it is level and pointed to the north, with the altitude and azimuth scales reading zero degrees. A balloon is released in front of the theodolite, and its position is precisely tracked, usually once per minute. The balloons are carefully constructed and filled, so that their speed of ascent can be known fairly accurately in advance. Mathematical calculations on time, ascent velocity, azimuth and angular altitude can produce good estimates of wind speed and direction at various altitudes.
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