matlab code for data hiding scheme for medical images
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hi can i get the matlab code for data hiding scheme in medical images
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#2
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Here
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#3
matlab code for data hiding scheme for medical images

Abstract
Nowadays; modern Hospital Data Management Systems (HDMSs) are applied in a computer network; in addition medicinal equipments produce medical images in a digital form. HDMS must store and exchange these images in a secured environment to provide image integrity and patient privacy. The reversible watermarking techniques can be used to provide the integrity and the privacy. In this paper, a security technique based on watermarking and encryption is proposed to be used for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). It provides patient authentication, information confidentiality and integrity based on reversible watermark. To achieve integrity service at the sender side; a hash value based on encrypted MD5 is determined from the image. And to satisfy the reversible feature; R–S-Vector is determined from the image and is compressed based on a Huffman compression algorithm. After that to provide confidentiality and authentication services: the compressed R–S-Vector, the hash value and patient ID are concatenated to form a watermark then this watermark is encrypted using AES encryption technique, finally the watermark is embedded inside the medical image. Experimental results prove that the proposed technique can provide patient authentication services, image integrity service and information confidentiality service with excellent efficiency. Concluded results for all tested DICOM medical images and natural images show the following: BER equals 0, both of SNR and PSNR are consistent and have large values, and MSE has low value; the average values of SNR, PSNR and MSE are 52 dB, 57 dB and 0.12 respectively. Therefore, watermarked images have high imperceptibility, invisibility and transparency. In addition, the watermark extracted from the image at the receiver side is identical to the watermark embedded into the image in the sender side; as a result, the proposed technique is totally reversible, and the embedded watermark does not affect the quality of the original image.

Introduction
Currently, most of Hospital Data Management Systems (HDMSs) and medical equipments are working in a computer network environment. Medical images are produced and stored in a digital form; moreover, they are exchanged through a computer network. These images are the most important entity in the healthcare diagnostic procedures because they are used to view features of patients such as anatomical cross-sections of internal organs and tissues, in addition they are used for physicians to evaluate the patient’s diagnosis and monitor the effects of the treatment. Therefore, protecting medical images from an unauthorized use is an essential requirement. The most impotent security services required are patient privacy and medical image integrity, these security services can be provided using watermarking methods. A watermark is a part of information such as patient-ID and the image hash value that can be embedded in the image without corrupting this image.

The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is the standard for formatting, storing and exchanging the medical images and associated information; moreover, DICOM support the connection of networked printers, such as laser imagers. Digital images could be acquired from diagnostic modalities such as: nuclear medicine, ultrasound, X-ray, CR, digital radiography, digitized film, video capture and hospital information system.

The watermarking techniques can be used to provide the integrity and the privacy; however, the diagnostic value in the medical image should not be changed. Lossless data hiding known as reversible watermarking embeds data within a digital image such that the original image can be completely restored. Therefore, many recent researches propose to use it for providing medical image integrity and patient privacy.

In this paper, a security technique based on watermarking and AES encryption methods is proposed to support DICOM security, the watermarking is reversible because the original image can be retrieved at the receiver side without any distortion. Experimental results prove that the proposed technique can provide patient authentication services, medical image integrity service and patient information confidentiality service with high efficiency.

The following sections of this paper are organized as follows: The related research works are summarized in Sections 2 and 3 describes the proposed medical image authentication technique based on the reversible watermarking method; the embedding and extraction processes are described in details. The DICOM standard and its file structure are described in Section 4; the experimental results are illustrated in Section 5, finally Section 6 summarizes the conclusion and future works.

Related research works
In this section, some of the recent medical image authentication techniques through watermarking are summarized. In [1] the image authentication and self-correction through an adaptive reversible watermarking technique are proposed. In this technique, the image is divided into two regions: Region Of Interest (ROI) and Region Of Non-Interest (RONI), it embeds the ROI into the RONI, and any modification of the image will be detected and could be self-restored back to the original image by extracting the ROI from the RONI. The ROI area is depending on the availability of clinical finding and its features in the medical image, and the RONI is the background or any area, where there is not any clinical finding. The pros of this technique are providing two levels of robustness by mixing a reversible watermarking method and a robust watermarking method. This watermarking method provides the initial level of robustness of the watermark extraction process against JPEG compression; a digital signature derived from the ROI, and an authenticity code is concatenated to form a primary code to be embedded inside the RONI using the robust watermarking method. The reversible watermarking technique provides the second level of robustness by embedding another code into the ROI; this code is determined for the whole image (RONI and ROI).

This proposed technique is used for a specific type of medical images that is Magnetic Resonance (MR) images; this type of medical images is very simple to identify RONI and ROI; therefore, this proposed technique is unable to authenticate other types of medical images that their RONI and ROI are hard to be separated.

In adaptive data hiding scheme for medical images using integer wavelet transform [2]; integer wavelet transform hiding technique is used for embedding the multiple watermarks by decomposes the cover image to obtain the wavelet coefficients. Before watermark embedding process; an adaptive threshold is determined for each block; it uses iterative optimization of threshold for compression and expansion process. It avoids histogram pre and post-processing; therefore, its pros are reducing the histogram processing overhead and keeping the distortion small between the watermarked and the original images. The cons of this technique are: low imperceptibility values at normal embedding capacity (bad tradeoff between robustness and capacity) and it is not applied to color images (it is applied only for grayscale images).

A multiple block based authentication watermarking for distribution of medical images is proposed in [3], it provides an active method of authentication for the efficient distribution of images, and this technique suggests a new method using fragmentation of the watermark information content of images. Medical imaging modalities such as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and the structure of tissues contain a large amount of clinical information. Therefore, it is important to provide authentication for the safety of fragmented blocks. The proposed technique is based on the secure encryption watermark, but removes the problem of independence block wise of existing methods. This technique suggests to merge multiple signatures that were created through square blocks and blocks of fragmentation, two types of signatures shared to remove the block wise independence. The advantage of this proposed technique being able to detect the location of the modification; therefore, it neglects the tampers if the modifications are located in an RONI.

A medical image authentication based on lossless watermarking is proposed [4]; it is used for interleaving patient information and message authentication code with images using lossless compression. At embedding process the authentication code of the image using MD5 algorithm is calculated; the authentication code and patient information are concatenated then encrypted. Least Significant Bits (LSBs) of all pixels are selected and compressed using Run Length Encoding (RLE) lossless compression algorithm. The compressed string and the encrypted string are concatenated and inserted into the LSB locations by adding blanks if necessary. Before embedding process the patient information is encrypted; therefore, this technique provides a high level of security for the patient information. This proposed technique inherits the disadvantage of the LSB embedding process that is changing the statistical property of the cover image; therefore, the hiding process can be detected easily by computer systems.

In [5] a blind watermarking based on wavelet transform is proposed for medical image management, it hides the Electronic Patient Record (EPR) in the image: to protect patient information, to save storage space and to reduce transmission overheads. It embeds EPR data as a watermark in the Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform (DWPT) of the image. This proposed technique enhances the robustness by encoding EPR data using BCH error correcting code. The disadvantages of this technique are that it is purely implemented for grayscale images (not for color images), and it has been low embedded capacity. The embedded process hides only one bit per a block of pixels with size 4 × 4 pixels, and the error correcting code reduces the actual capacity to be less than one bit per 4 × 4 block of pixels.

In [6] a robust fragile watermarking technique is proposed to provide copyright protection and content authentication of medical images. It authenticates the CT scan images of the thorax area against distortions. It separates a ROI and RONI from the image. By isolating the actual lung parenchyma; this technique increases the embedding capacity of a CT scan image; it embeds a watermark only in RONI; therefore, it does not compromise the diagnostic value of the image. For embedding the watermark; it utilizes the spatial domain watermarking and LSB replacement method. The cons of this technique are it is devoted to a specific type of medical images; in addition, its robustness require to be improved.

A watermarking framework based on wavelet-domain is proposed [7], it proposes a robust reversible watermark embedding and extraction procedure through histogram shifting and clustering. It provides good performance in terms of reversibility, robustness and invisibility, but the embedded capacity is less than 4 × 10−3 bpp. It is applicable in practice to many types of medical images; however, it is tested using a limited number of grayscale images; therefore, it is required to be tested using enough number of grayscale and color images.
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