MAGNETIC NANOMATERIAL
#1

presented by:-
GYANADUTTA SWAIN

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“ MAGNETIC NANOMATERIAL”
Introduction…..

 Magnetic nanostructured materials or nanomaterials are the materials with two or more different magnetic nanoparticles or granules (phases) and relatively strong magnetic interaction existing between them.
 Proper couplings or interactions between two or more nanoscale components in it is suitable for making advanced permanent magnets and many other modern applications.
Types of magnetic nanomaterials
 Synthesis methods
 Thermal evaporation process:
 The source material is thermally heated by a heating source.
 Then the evaporated atoms or clusters of source materials are condensed on a substrate forming nano size particles.
2 types
Resistive heating electron beam heating
 other thermal process….
 Laser evaporation- pulsed laser deposition uses a high power pulsed laser to ablate the source materials and cause plasma on surface of target materials.
 Ion plating- a plasma area is inserted between material source and substrate in a conventional thermal evaporation vacuum chamber and voltage is applied on substrate. The evaporated atoms negatively charged and accelerated by electrical field finally reach the substrate.
 Ionized cluster beam deposition- It makes evaporated atoms moving to plasma area form clusters by cooling the atoms.
Sputtering process:
 Target (source materials) is connected to a DC power supply and the vacuum chamber is grounded.
 Sputtering gas, usually argon (Ar) gas is injected into the chamber.
 Due to the strong electrical field, plasma is formed on the surface of the target forming a continuous glow discharge current between the target and grounded chamber.
 The target is bombarded by accelerated Ar+ ions by electrical field & the target atoms are scattered out of the target surface in nano size.
Chemical process:
 Otherwise called chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process
 The source materials are first vaporized and decomposed into atoms or molecules, and then react with other vapors, gases or liquids, and finally yield reaction product on the substrate.
 Based on the use of different methods of enhancing the chemical reaction, CVD process can be classified into plasma assisted CVD, laser assisted CVD, and thermal assisted CVD.
Auxiliary methods :
EXPLANATION:

 Liquid phase synthesis- monodisperse particles can be prepared by lamer diagram.When conc. increases to pass its saturation nucleation occurs at a particular point.
 Coprecipitation- metal oxides and ferrites MNP’S from aq salt solutions are prepared by addition of base under inert atm at room temperature.
 Thermal decomposition-high temp. decomposition of organometallicprecursors[Mn+(acac)n],[M=Fe,Mn;n=2or 3 acac =acetylacetonate]
 Chemical reduction-reduction of metal salts by NaBH4.Nanoscale zerovalent iron produced by NaBH4 and FeCl3.
Microemulsion-water in oil with amphilic surfactant used. By mixing two identical water in oil microemulsion microdroplets continuously collide, coalesce,breaks again and precipitate forms in miscelles.
 Solid phase synthesis-high temperature annealing of Fe2O3+ C powders. Elementary Fe+C powders and Co NPs+ copolymers.
 Combustion synthesis- CoFe2O4 was produced using carbon combustion synthesis of oxides(CoO and Fe2O3).
 Annealing- annealing Fe-C solid soln at different temperature.Heat treatment at 600 °C , NP size about 8 nm embedded in amorphous carbon matrix. After heat treatment to 8oo °C NP size of 30 nm encapsulated into graphitic carbon shells. Annealing was also done for iron nanoparticles with BN+ C nanocoatings.
Growth and protection methods
 There are two basic particle growth mechanisms in gas phase : - 1. surface growth and 2. agglomeration
(homogenous) (non-homogenous)
 After growth in order to preserve their specific magnetic properties, and to protect nanoparticles from both oxidation and agglomeration, the application of the encapsulation procedure is adopted.
 Encapsulation of nanoparticles has been successfully employed by using carbon, silica, precious metals, metal oxides, organic polymers and surfactants etc.
Surfactants:
 A dense coverage by the organic surfactant such as oleic acid, lauric acid, is generally used to prevent the particles from being oxidized by air.
Metal oxides:
 A very simple approach to protect the magnetic particles is to induce a controlled oxidation of a pure metal core (a mild oxidation method) using synthetic air to smoothly oxidize the outer surface
Characterization common techniques
 Magnetic properties and various applications of MNPs depend highly on size, morphology, structure and the surface functional groups of the prepared NPs. Therefore various characterization techniques have been used for this purpose such as:
 Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)
 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
 Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS)
 Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXD) etc
Separation and purification methods
 The magnetic behaviour of MNPs depend mainly on their constituents.
 characterizing the magnetic properties of polydisperse samples of MNPs is mainly done by Magnetic field flow fractionation (MFFF) .
 It separates species on the basis of their magnetic susceptibility and is applicable to materials which have sizes from nanometres to micrometers.
Applications :
 Industrial Applications
 Biological Applications
 Drug Delivery
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Environmental Applications
 Removing Inorganic Pollutants
Conclusion
 Magnetic nanoparticle (nanocluster) is the most basic and most important component of the magnetic nanostructured materials. Therefore the systematic study of nanoparticle is important to obtain greater flexibility of material manipulation.
 Apart from their present importance Magnetic nanomaterials will be used on a broader scale in near future.
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