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INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE:
During a day library managers have to supervise many activities with in their libraries. These activities have to be performed smoothly and simultaneously for the benefit of all persons concerned. Some of the important functions in library are: check –in/check-out of items , check inventory.
If each of these functions is done by conventional methods, they will take time and lead to inefficiencies and unsatisfactory services to the library patrons. This is tedious and slow.
If by using RFID technology this process is made for time efficient, then it could be recommended. As far as shelving is concerned , in a conventional library ,it is done manually.
In most busy libraries many books can be issued during the day so by using this RFID technology we can simplify the work for a librarian.
1.2 existing system:
The present existing system is consisting of libraries and managing team for regular watching. It is in form of giving written slips to the students and regular renewals and returns.
The present existing system requires regular maintenance and regular check up of students. This is burden some to librarian and time consuming process. As the number of students increases it is it is burden to librarian.
The following made to new invention :
• Need regular maintenance
• Time consuming
• Burden to librarian
1.3 proposed system:
it is purely controller based system, which have following features
• Time saving devices free them to help customer better
• Can be flexible working schedules
• Faster and accurate
• Check-in/check-out o all books
CHAPTER-2
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
2.1 Introduction to embedded systems:
An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular function.
A general-purpose definition of embedded systems is that they are devices used to control, monitor or assist the operation of equipment, machinery or plant. "Embedded" reflects the fact that they are an integral part of the system. In many cases their embedded ness may be such that their presence is far from obvious to the casual observer and even the more technically skilled might need to examine the operation of a piece of equipment for some time before being able to conclude that an embedded control system was involved in its functioning. At the other extreme a general-purpose computer may be used to control the operation of a large complex processing plant, and its presence will be obvious.
All embedded systems are including computers or microprocessors. Some of these computers are however very simple systems as compared with a personal computer.
The very simplest embedded systems are capable of performing only a single function or set of functions to meet a single predetermined purpose. In more complex systems an application program that enables the embedded system to be used for a particular purpose in a specific application determines the functioning of the embedded system. The ability to have programs means that the same embedded system can be used for a variety of different purposes. In some cases a microprocessor may be designed in such a way that application software for a particular purpose can be added to the basic software in a second process, after which it is not possible to make further changes. The applications software on such processors is sometimes referred to as firmware
The simplest devices consist of a single microprocessor (often called a "chip”), which may itself be packaged with other chips in a hybrid system or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Its input comes from a detector or sensor and its output goes to a switch or activator which (for example) may start or stop the operation of a machine or, by operating a valve, may control the flow of fuel to an engine.As the embedded system is the combination of both software and hardware
Figure: Block diagram of Embedded System
Software deals with the languages like ALP, C, and VB etc., and Hardware deals with Processors, Peripherals, and Memory.
Memory: It is used to store data or address.
Peripherals: These are the external devices connected
Processor: It is an IC which is used to perform some task
Processors are classified into four types like:
1. Micro Processor (µp)
2. Micro controller (µc)
3. Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
4. Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)
Micro Processor (µp):
It is an electronic chip which performs arithmetic and logical operations with assistance of internal memory.
Micro Controller (µc):
It is a highly integrated micro processor designed for specific use in embedded systems.
Applications of embedded system
Introduction
Embedded controllers may be found in many different kinds of system and are used for many different applications. The list, which follows, is indicative rather than exhaustive. An item in the list may be relevant to a particular company because either (a) it is or involves a core process or product, (b) it is or involves an ancillary function or service performed by the company or © it refers to a product or service provided by a contractor under some form of agreement and the vulnerability of the supplier may need to be considered.
List of applications of embedded systems
• Manufacturing and process control
• Construction industry
• Transport
• Buildings and premises
• Domestic service
A manufacturing company has provided the following list of embedded systems
Multi-loop control and monitoring - DCS, SCADA, telemetry
Panel mounted devices - Control, display, recording and operations
Safety and security - Alarm and trip systems, fire and gas systems, buildings and facilities security
Field devices - measurement, actuation
Analytical systems - Laboratory systems; on-line/ plant systems
Electrical supply - supply, measurement, control, protection
Tools - for design, documentation, testing, maintenance
Embedded systems compared with commercial systems
The Year 2000 problem in embedded systems differs from the problem in commercial / database / transaction processing systems (often referred to as IT systems) in a number of ways. Firstly the user's problem may much lie much deeper than packages or applications software. It may lie in and be inseparable from systems and operating software and from hardware, i.e. in the platform on which the application software is based. When users of IT systems have hardware or operating software problems they can and should be made the concern of the computer supplier: typically, this is not the case with microprocessors and devices based on them.
Secondly in embedded systems the concern is often with intervals rather than with specific dates: the need may be for an event to occur at 100-day intervals rather than on the 5th day of each month. This has the implication that Year 2000 problems may reveal themselves both before and for some time after 1 January 2000 and not at all on the date itself.
The lifetime of embedded systems tends to be greater than that of commercial data processing systems: they remain in use for longer without alteration to their software.