From the pioneering work of Edward Jenner in the eighteenth century that would eventually lead to vaccination in its modern form (an innovation that probably saved more lives than any other medical advance), the many scientific advances in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that would lead Among other things, transplantation of safe organs, identification of blood groups and the now ubiquitous use of monoclonal antibodies through science and health care, immunology has changed the face of modern medicine. Immunological research continues to broaden horizons in our understanding of how to address significant health problems, with ongoing research efforts in immuno-therapy, autoimmune diseases, and vaccines for emerging pathogens, such as Ebola. Promoting our understanding of basic immunology is essential for clinical and commercial application and has facilitated the discovery of new diagnoses and treatments to manage a wide range of diseases. In addition to the above, along with advancing technology, immunological research has provided critically important research techniques and tools, such as flow cytometry and antibody technology.