29-07-2017, 01:06 PM
Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It was the Russian biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov who pioneered immunology studies and received the Nobel Prize in 1908 for his work. He pointed the spine of a rose over a starfish and observed that, 24 hours later, the cells surrounded the tip. It was an active response of the body, trying to maintain its integrity. It was Mechnikov who first observed the phenomenon of phagocytosis, in which the body defends itself against a foreign body and coined the term. Immunology classifies, measures and contextualizes: the physiological functioning of the immune system in both health and disease states; Malfunctions of the immune system in immune disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency and transplant rejection); The physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry and dermatology.
Before the designation of the immunity of the root etymological immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; Early physicians characterized organs that would later be demonstrated as essential components of the immune system. Important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and major lymphatic tissues such as the spleen, tonsils, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to a state of emergency, portions of organs of the immune system including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues may be surgically removed for examination while patients are still alive. Smartphone applications can also be used to help with patient management. Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and are not associated with any specific organ; Rather they are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.