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ABSTRACT:
The Brain Gate Neural Interface System is grounded on Cybernetics podium technology to sense, transmit,
analyse and apply the language of neurons. The System consists of a sensor that is entrenched on the motor
cortex of the brain and examines brain signals. The principle behind the Brain Gate system is that, signals are
generated in the motor cortex and they cannot be sent directly to the arms, hands and legs due to spinal cord
injury, stroke or other condition. The brain signals are construed and translated into cursor movements, offering
the user a substitute pathway via the Brain Gate System to control a computer simply by thinking, in the same
way as individuals who have the ability to move a computer mouse using their hands.
KEYWORDS: Brain–Computer Interface, Electroencephalography, Functional Model
1. INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN:-
Body's voluntary movements are controlled by the brain. The brain area is also involved in controlling these
voluntary movements i.e. motor cortex. The motor cortex is situated in the rear portion of the frontal lobe, just
before the central sulcus that divorces the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. The motor cortex is divided into
two main areas, Area 4 and Area 6. Area 4, also known as the primary motor cortex, forms a thin band along
the central sulcus. Area 6 lies immediately forward of Area 4. Area 6 is wider and is further subdivided into two
distinct sub-areas.(fig.1)
Fig.1 Sturcture of Brain
The motor cortex receive information from various lobes of brain and information about the body's position in
space, from the parietal lobe; about the goal to be attained and an appropriate strategy for attaining it, from the
anterior portion of the frontal lobe, about memories of past strategies, from the temporal lobe.
NIDHI BEHL, VIKRANT MANOCHA, KESHVI CHAUHAN / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 ijera.com
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp.807-812
808 | P a g e
For a movement as picking up a glass of water, one can barely imagine to specify the sequence, force,
amplitude, and speed of the contractions of every muscle concerned. The decision to pick up a glass of water is
escorted by increased electrical activity in the frontal region of the cortex. The neurons in the frontal cortex
send impulses down their axons to activate the motor cortex itself. The motor cortex plans the ideal path for the
hand to follow to reach the glass. The motor cortex then calls on other parts of the brain, such as the central
grey nuclei and the cerebellum, which help to initiate and co-ordinate the activation of the muscles in sequence.
The axons of the neurons of the primary motor cortex descend all the way into the spinal cord, where they make
the final relay of information to the motor neurons of the spinal cord. These neurons are connected directly to
the muscles and cause them to contract.
2. BRAIN GATE
It is an electrode chip. The chip contains 96 hair-thin electrodes that intelligence the electro-magnetic sign of
neurons firing in specific areas of the brain. For example the area that panels arm crusade. When it is applied in
brain, the electrical signal bartered by neurons within the brain. These signals are sent to the brain and it
apparatuses body movement. All the signalling is touched by special software. Eg (Custom Decoding Software,
algorithms are written in C, JAVA and MATLAB).The signal guides to the computer and then the computer is
skilful by patient. When a man forgotten about his past due to certain accidental matter or he had lost his part of
his body, at that time this electrode chip can be understood on his brain and vigorous the man as well.
2.1 Types of Brain Computer Interface
2.1.1 One way BCI :-
Computers either accept commands from the brain
2.2.2 Two way BCI:-
Allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions.
2.2 PRINCIPLE:
The system consists of a device that is implanted on the motor cortex of the brain. The principle is that the
complete brain functions, brain signals are generated even though they are not sent to the arms, hands and legs.
The signals are unspoken and deciphered into cursor movements, offering the user an alternate “BRAIN GATE
TRAJECTORY” to control a computer with supposed, just as societies who have the ability to move their
fingers.
2.3 Challenges Faced By Brain Gate:
1. It is very luxurious.
2. Curb in information transform rate. The latest technology is 20 bits/min.
3. Difficulty in adaptation and learning.
In 2008 the bio-tech company Cyber kinetics grows a system i.e. brain gate in aggregation with the Department
of Neuroscience at Brown University. The brain gate system is intended to those patients who have lost control
of their limbs, bodily functions, such as patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injury.
The activity is deciphered into electrically charged signals and is then sent and decrypted using a program
which can move a unresponsive arm.
2.4 Side effect:
NIDHI BEHL, VIKRANT MANOCHA, KESHVI CHAUHAN / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 ijera.com
Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp.807-812
809 | P a g e
The firm has inveterate that one patient (Matt Nagle) has a spinal cord injury whilst another has advanced
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A potential use of this feature would be for a neurologist to study appropriation
patterns in a patient with epilepsy.
Brain Gate study side is to create a scheme i.e.
1. Quite literally turns thought into action.
2. Neurological disease.
3. Injury
4. Limb loss.
Currently, the system consists
1. Sensor: - A device entrenched in the brain that records indications directly related to imagine limb
crusade.
2. Decoder: - A set of computers and rooted software that turns the brain indications into a useful command
for an exterior device.
3. External Device:-Which could be a standard computer desktop or other communication device, a
motorized wheelchair, a prosthetic or mechanical limb or a functional electrical stimulation expedient that
can move paralyzed limbs straight.
When a person becomes paralyzed, neural signals from the brain is terminated. The brain continues to send out
these signals although they do not reach their endpoint. Brain gate system picks the indications and they must
be present in guidelines.
1. BCI system may use occurrence features i.e. is µ, β in the area of brain.
2. Each BCI uses a specific algorithm to interpret its input into output control signals.
3. The dissimilarity between a feature as a image of a precise aspect of nervous system functioning and
anatomy and a practice as a technique for measuring the feature is more clear for some features (e.g., the
shooting rate of a single cortical neuron, which is seemingly the same however it is unhurried) than for
others (e.g., autoregressive strictures, which depend on the details of the analysis procedure.
4. Brain computer interference shows specific features like time-domain features (such as action possible
of neurons).