ieee format for medical mirror seminars topic
#1

1. Introduction
Digital medical devices promise to transform the future of
medicine because of their ability to produce exquisitely detailed
individual physiological data. As ordinary people start to have
access and control over their own physiological data, they can
play a more active role in the management of their health. This
revolution must take place in our everyday lives, not just in the
doctor’s office or research lab. However, current techniques for
physiological monitoring typically require users to strap on bulky
sensors, chest straps or sticky electrodes. This discourages regular
use because the sensors can be uncomfortable or encumbering. In
this work, we propose a new mirror interface for real-time,
contact-free measurements of heart rate without the need for
external sensors. Users can have the experience of remote health
monitoring by simply looking into the Medical Mirror.

Definition and Application of Medical Necessity
Medical necessity is defined as accepted health care services and supplies provided by health care entities,
appropriate to the evaluation and treatment of a disease, condition, illness or injury and consistent with the applicable
standard of care.
Appropriate Services and Supplies are those that are neither more nor less than what the patient requires at a
specific point in time.
1. Determinations of medical necessity must adhere to the standard of care that applies to the actual direct care and
treatment of the patient.
2. Medical necessity is the standard terminology that all health care professionals and entities will use in the review
process when determining if medical care is appropriate and essential.
3. Determinations of medical necessity must reflect the efficient and cost-effective application of patient care
including, but not limited to, diagnostic testing, therapies (including activity restriction, after-care instructions and
prescriptions), disability ratings, rehabilitating an illness, injury, disease or its associated symptoms, impairments or
functional limitations, procedures, psychiatric care, levels of hospital care, extended care, long-term care, hospice care
and home health care.
4. Determinations of medical necessity made in a concurrent review should include discussions with the attending
provider as to the current medical condition of the patient whenever possible. A physician advisor/reviewer can make a
positive determination regarding medical necessity without necessarily speaking with the treating provider if the advisor
has enough available information to make an appropriate medical decision. A physician advisor cannot decide to deny care
as not medically necessary without speaking to the treating provider and these discussions must be clearly documented.
5. Determinations of medical necessity must be unrelated to payors’ monetary benefit.
6. Determinations of medical necessity must always be made on a case-by-case basis consistent with the applicable
standard of care and must be available for peer review.
7. Recommendations approving medical necessity may be made by a non-physician reviewer. Negative
determinations for the initial review regarding medical necessity must be made by a physician advisor who has the clinical
training to review the particular clinical problem (clinically matched) under review. A physician reviewer or advisor must
not delegate his/her review decisions to a non-physician reviewer.
8. The process to be used in evaluating medical necessity should be made known to the patient.
9. All medical review organizations involved in determining medical necessity shall have uniform, written
procedures for appeals of negative determinations that services or supplies are not medically necessary

2. Design
To encourage people to keep track of their vital signs on a daily
basis, we designed the Medical Mirror to provide a natural user
interface (Figure 1a). We utilized an LCD monitor with a built-in
webcam to provide an interactive display. A two-way mirror was
fitted onto the frame to present a reflective surface for the users in
normal lighting conditions. This design means the LCD monitor
and webcam are not visible to the user. However, the user is
visible to the webcam and the LCD monitor can be used to project
information onto the reflective surface of the mirror. The monitor
and webcam are connected to a laptop running the analysis
software in real-time.

Advantages & Disadvantages
The main advantage of this method is very low cost compared with other methods. For each human, one can easily construct this technology and access and control their own physiological data daily. This method is also applicable in hospitals, when it would be difficult to attach sensor to a patient’s skin. Medical mirror allows visualization of both user’s physical appearance and physiological information. Disadvantage of medical mirror is that continuous heartbeat measurement like ECG technology is not possible. We have to wait a time period of 15 seconds to get heartbeat count.

This technology shows an advanced approach to users health monitoring depends upon the state of the art technology. The Medical Mirror turns effortlessly into the home environment for data collection process into the course of our daily life. For example, one can visualize collecting health data when using the mirror for brushing teeth, shaving, etc. This interface helps to provide a convenient means for people to track their daily health without any effort.

Technology
By combining techniques in computer vision and advanced signal
processing, a person’s heart rate can be computed from the optical
signal reflected off the face with an error of less than three beats
per minute [Poh et al. 2010]. An overview of the general steps in
our approach to measuring a user’s heart rate is illustrated in
Figure 1b. First, an automated face tracker detects the largest face
within the video feed from the webcam and localizes the
measurement region of interest (ROI) for each video frame. The
ROI is then separated into the three RGB channels and spatially
averaged over all pixels to yield a red, blue and green
measurement point for each frame and form the raw RGB signals.
Next, the raw RGB signals are decomposed into three
independent components using independent component analysis.
The power spectrum of the component containing the strongest
blood volume pulse signal (component 2 in Figure 1b) is then
computed. Finally, the user’s heart rate is quantified as the
frequency that corresponds to the highest power of the spectrum
within an operational frequency band (45-240 bpm).
3. Interaction
A single user will be able to interact with the mirror at a time.
When looking into the mirror, the user will see a box appear
around his/her face and a timer will be displayed on the top corner
of the box. Users will be asked to stay relatively as the timer
counts down. After 15 s, the user’s heart rate will be displayed on
the mirror, allowing simultaneous visualization of his/her physical
appearance and physiological state. The heart rate measurement
will be updated continuously until the user looks away.

Conclusions
This project illustrates an innovative approach to pervasive health
monitoring based on state of the art technology. The Medical
Mirror fits seamlessly into the ambient home environment,
blending the data collection process into the course of our daily
routines. For example, one can envision collecting health data
when using the mirror for shaving, brushing teeth etc. This
interface is intended to provide a convenient means for people to
track their daily health with minimal effort.

References
POH, M.-Z., MCDUFF, D.J. AND PICARD, R.W. 2010. Non-contact,
Automated Cardiac Pulse Measurements Using Video Imaging
and Blind Source Separation. Optics Express, vol. 18, no. 10,
10762-10774.
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