hybrid electric vehicle full report
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An electric hybrid vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system (hybrid vehicle transmission). The presence of the power-train is intended to achieve better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance. There are a variety of types of HEV, and the degree to which each one functions as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses also exist. 

Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-enhancing technologies, such as regenerative brakes that convert the vehicle's kinetic energy into electrical energy to charge the battery. Some varieties of HEV use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by turning an electric generator to recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric drive motors; this combination is known as a motor-generator. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by turning ICE off at idle and restarting when necessary; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces less emissions from its ICE than a gasoline car of comparable size, since an HEV gasoline engine is generally smaller than a comparable size vehicle, pure gasoline, and if it is not used to drive the car directly , can be geared to operate at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy. (Natural gas and propane fuels produce less emissions.)

Although Ferdinand Porsche developed the Lohner-Porsche in 1901, hybrid electric vehicles were not made widely available until the launch of the Toyota Prius in Japan in 1997, followed by the Honda Insight in 1999. Although initially perceived as unnecessary due to the low cost of gasoline , global increases in the price of oil caused many automakers to launch hybrids in the late 2000s; now perceived as a core segment of the automotive market of the future.

As of January 2017, more than 12 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide since its inception in 1997. As of April 2016, Japan ranked as the market leader with more than 5 million hybrids sold , followed by the United States with cumulative sales of more than 4 million units since 1999 and Europe with about 1.5 million hybrids delivered since 2000. Japan also has penetration of the world's highest hybrid market. In 2016 the hybrid market share accounted for 38% of new standard passenger car sales, and 25.7% of new passenger vehicle sales, including kei cars. Norway ranks second with a hybrid market share of 6.9% of new car sales in 2014, followed by the Netherlands with 3.7%, France and Sweden, both with 2.3%.

Global sales are led by the Toyota Motor Company with more than 10 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold as of January 2017, followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd. with cumulative global sales of more than 1.35 million hybrids to June 2014; Ford Motor Corporation with more than 424,000 hybrids sold in the United States through June 2015; and the Hyundai Group with cumulative global sales of 200,000 hybrids as of March 2014, including Hyundai Motor Company and Hybrid Kia Motors models. Starting January 2017, world hybrid sales are led by the Toyota Prius lift-back, with cumulative sales of nearly 4 million units. The Prius nameplate had sold more than 6 million hybrids by January 2017. Overall sales of Lexus hybrids reached the milestone of 1 million units in March 2016. In January 2017, the conventional Prius is the hybrid car of all time in Japan and the US, with sales of more than 1.8 million in Japan and 1.75 million in the United States.
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