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Project Loon is a research and development project developed by X (formerly Google X) with the mission of providing Internet access to rural and remote areas. The project uses high altitude balloons located in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 18 km to create an aerial wireless network with speeds up to 4G-LTE. It was called Project Loon, as even Google itself found the idea of providing Internet access to the remaining population of 5 billion unprecedented and "crazy".

Balloons are maneuvered by adjusting their altitude in the stratosphere to float to a layer of wind after identifying the wind layer at the desired speed and direction using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) wind data. Service users connect to the balloon network using a special Internet antenna connected to their building. The signal travels through the balloon-to-globe network, then to a ground station connected to an Internet service provider (ISP), and then to the global Internet. The system aims to bring Internet access to remote and rural areas poorly served by existing provisions and improve communication during natural disasters to affected regions. Key people involved in the project include Rich DeVaul, chief technical architect, who is also an expert in wearable technology; Mike Cassidy, a project leader; And Cyrus Behroozi, leader of networks and telecommunications.

Balloons use patch antennas - which are directional antennas - to transmit signals to terrestrial stations or LTE users. Some smartphones with Google SIM cards can use Google's Internet services. All infrastructure is based on LTE; The eNodeB component (the equivalent of the "base station" that speaks directly to phones) is carried on the globe.