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17-09-2017, 08:15 PM

please give info on topic the groundwater levels have gone down due to incerase in use of water by people in full pdf as per pattern of board

jaseela123d · 18-09-2017, 03:23 PM

Groundwater is the water present below the surface of the Earth in the pore spaces of the ground and in the fractures of the rock formations. A unit of rock or unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can produce a usable amount of water. The depth to which the pore spaces of the soil or the fractures and the holes in the rock are completely saturated with water is called the water table. The groundwater is recharged from, and finally flows to, the surface naturally; Natural discharge often occurs in springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often removed for agricultural, municipal and industrial use by building and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydro-geology, also called hydrology of groundwater.

Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through low aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it may also contain soil moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), still water in very low mother rock permeability and deep geothermal water or oil formation. It is hypothesised that groundwater provides lubrication that can influence the movement of faults. It is likely that much of the subsurface of the Earth contains a little water, which can be mixed with other fluids in some cases. Groundwater may not be limited to Earth only. The formation of some of the terrestrial forms observed on Mars may have been influenced by groundwater. There is also evidence that liquid water may also exist in the subsoil of Jupiter's moon Europa.

Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to pollution than surface water. Therefore, it is commonly used for public water supplies. For example, groundwater is the largest source of usable water storage in the United States, and California annually removes the largest amount of groundwater from all states. Underground reservoirs contain much more water than the capacity of all reservoirs and surface lakes in the United States, including the Great Lakes. Many municipal water supplies are derived exclusively from groundwater.

Contaminated groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Pollution of groundwater generally results from improper disposal of waste on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and landfills, excessive fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste ponds, mine processing waste and water, industrial fracking, oil field brine wells, filtration of underground storage tanks and piping systems.

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