hazardous waste management full report
#1

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HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

Nuclear power is characterized by the very large amount of energy available from a very small amount of fuel.
The amount of waste is also relatively small. However; much of the waste is radioactive and therefore must be carefully managed as hazardous waste.
Radioactivity arises naturally from the decay of particular forms of some elements called isotopes.
There are three types of radiations to consider alpha, beta and gamma.
A fourth kind neutron radiation, generally only occurs inside a nuclear reactor.
HAZARDOUS WASTE “DEFINITION
A product is considered to be HAZARDOUS if it is defined as toxic, flammable, corrosive and irritant.
A hazardous waste is a substant which causes a hazard to human health or the environment when improperly managed.

WASTE MANAGEMENT-DEFINITION

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human activity, in an effort to reduce their effect on human health or local amenity.
Waste management can involve solid, liquid or gaseous wastes, with different methods and fields of expertise for each.

RADIO ACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

The multiple aspects of Radio active waste management include physical and value oriented issues.
What radios active waste is, where it is, how it has been generated and handled, what some of the difficulties are in handling, treating and disposing of the stuff-these are central issues in radio active management.
Understanding both values and physical aspects of radioactive waste will help foster an understanding of the bureaucratic problem involved in meaning this material.

RADIO ACTIVE WASTES-CLASSIFICATION

1. Mine Tailings
2. High-level Wastes (HLW)
3. Low-level Wastes (LLW)
4. Intermediate -level Wastes (ILW)

1.MINE TAILINGS

Traditional uranium mining generates fine sandy tailings, which contain virtually all the naturally occurring radioactive elements normally found in uranium ore.
These are collected in engineered tailings dams and finally covered with a layer of clay and rock to inhibit the leakage of radon gas and ensure long-term stability.
In the short term, the tailings material is often covered with water.
After a few months, the tailings material contains about 75% of the radioactivity of the original ore.
Strictly speaking these are not classified as radioactive wastes.
2.LOW “LEVEL WASTE

These are generated from the hospitals and industry as well as the nuclear fuel cycle.
It comprises paper, rags, tools, clothing, filter etc, which contains small amounts of mostly short-lived radioactivity.
it does not require shielding during handling and is suitable for shallow land burial.
It comprises some 90% of the volume but only 1% of the radio activity of all radioactive wastes.

3.INTERMEDIATE- LEVEL WASTE

It contains higher amounts of radio activity and some requires shielding.
It typically comprises resins, chemical sludge and metal fuel claddings as well as contaminated materials from the reactor decommissioning.
It makes up some 7% of the volume and has 4%of the radioactivity of all radwastes.
4. HIGH-LEVEL WASTE

It arises from the use of uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor.
It contains the fission products and transuranic elements generated in the reactor core.
It is highly radioactive and hot, so requires cooling and shielding.
It accounts for over 95% of the total radioactivity produced in the process of electricity generation.

WASTE FROM NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

All parts of the nuclear fuel cycle produce some radioactive waste and the cost of managing and disposing of this is the part of the electricity cost.
At each stage of the fuel cycle there are proven technologies to dispose the radioactive waste safely.
The fuel cycle is often split in to two parts.
The front end which stretches from mining through to the use of uranium in the reactor.
The back end which covers the removal of spend fuel from the reactor and its subsequent treatment and disposal.

WASTE DISPOSAL

Final disposal of high-level waste is delayed to allow its radioactivity to decay.
Forty years after removal from the reactor less than one thousand of its initial radioactivity remains, and it is much easier to handle.
Hence canisters of vitrified waste or spent fuel assemblies are stored under water in special ponds or in dry concrete structures or casks for at least this length of time.
The most favorable method for the disposal of spent fuel is the burial in dry, stable geological formations some 500 meters deep.

STORAGE OF WASTE

Proper storage of chemical waste shall include separation of incompatible materials.
Collect spent, halogenated solvents in a separate container from non halogenated solvents.
Do not mix aqueous solutions with organic solvents. Keep all wastes in well-ventilated areas.
Flammable and combustible liquids should be stored in a flammable liquids cabinet.
Waste containers must be capped at all times and may be uncapped only for the addition of more wastes.
LABELLING AND CONTAINER MANAGEMENT

All hazardous materials, including chemical wastes, must be properly labeled.
A label listing all of the chemicals present and their concentration or percentage, if known, must be securely affixed to all waste containers.
Symbols, chemical formulas, structures, trade names and abbreviations are not acceptable.
Each container should be clearly marked with words Waste (name of the chemical) and labeled with the date waste is first placed into that container.
All containers must be kept closed unless adding or removing waste missing, corroded or broken lids or containers will not be accepted until waste is transferred to an appropriate container for disposal

WASTE MINIMIZATION

Waste minimization means a reduction in both the volume and physical hazards or toxicity of the material.
The benefit of waste minimization include reduced disposal cost, decreased liability, improved working conditions and less impact on the environment at the time of disposal.
The waste minimization policy requires investigations to make every effort to minimize the volume of their wastes.
Substitutions can be made to eliminate or reduce the amount of hazardous wastes.
The last step of an experimental procedure can include treatment to reduce the toxicity of experimental by-products.

CONCLUSION

Radioactive waste is not a single thing that can be isolated and dealt with a magic bullet.
Rather, radioactive waste management involves numerous physical, political, and cultural factors in a dynamic, on going process.
A recent development in the field of pollution control and hazardous waste management is the beginning of a new approach altogether namely GREEN CHEMISTRY.
Today expert systems which can provide alternate routes that generate little or zero hazardous waste for chemical manufacture have taken birth.
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#2

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Household hazardous waste (HHW)

abstract



Household hazardous waste (HHW) is the portion of a household product, which is no longer usable, left over or not wanted and has to be discarded or disposed. Household wastes are considered hazardous if they can burn easily, corrode or irritate the skin, have the potential to generate or explode, or are poisonous to humans and animals.
Household hazardous waste consists of the unwanted or unusable portion of consumer products that contain substances that can harm human health or the environment. Hazardous products are often found in the categories of automotive and home improvement products, cleaners and pesticides
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#3
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Household hazardous waste


ABSTRACT


General

Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their sources:
a) Household waste which is generally classified as municipal waste,
b) Industrial waste classified as hazardous waste, and
c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste classified under infectious waste.
municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation resedue and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from residental and commercial complexes.
Almost every home contains hazardous products. These products are used in cleaning, home improvement projects, autobile maintainance, lawn and garden care and a variety of other tasks. In order to protect our health and environment, we must know how to properly use, store and dispose these products.

Definition of household hazardous waste

Household hazardous waste (HHW) is the portion of a household product, which is no longer usable, left over or not wanted and has to be discraded or disposed. Household wastes are considered hazardous if they can burn easily, corrode or irritate the skin, have the potential to generate or explode, or are poisonous to humans and animals.
Household hazardous waste consists of the unwanted or unusable portion of consumer products that contain substances that can harm human health or the environment. Hazardous products are often found in the categories of automative and home home improvement products, cleaners and pesticides.

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#4
Prepared By- Deeksha Pandey( Electronics Engg.), Rekha Gandhi( Civil Engg.)

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Abstract
The world-wide industrial development of recent decades with its effects on the manufacture of goods and on the consumption patterns of the population, particularly in areas of high population density, has led to an appreciable increase in the volume of waste. In this respect, targeted and target-group-related waste disposal (WD), involving careful analysis and taking into account not only the local conditions and options but also the environmental aspects of the relevant plant, can bring about the necessary improvements. As a rule, these relate to measures not only in the fields of waste management and waste technology, but also in the fields of law, administration, business management and organisation.
The necessary improvements should also aim to achieve reasonable representation for women, as one of the target groups, in the institutions and bodies responsible for waste disposal. This is the best way to guarantee that their legitimate interest in participating in the development and implementation of administrative, business and environmental monitoring will be served.

Introduction
Waste is movable objects which the owner wishes to dispose of (subjective definition of waste) or whose controlled disposal is necessary to ensure the well-being of the general public and in particular the protection of the environment (objective definition of waste). Regarding the distinction from hazardous waste, see environmental brief Disposal of Hazardous Waste. comprises the Waste disposal collection, transport, treatment, storage (intermediate storage), dumping and recycling of waste. The avoidance and minimisation of waste does not form part of waste disposal. They are in fact another part of waste management.


Objectives
The controlled disposal of domestic waste and commercial and industrial waste forms a vital part of the infrastructure of human settlements built on the principles of hygiene. It is an essential component of waste management, whose function must be to help
• to protect human health,
• to contribute to the quality of life by improving environmental conditions,
• to maintain the ecological equilibrium of the environment, particularly of the soil and groundwater, and - where it has been disturbed - to restore it,
• to ensure safe disposal of the waste produced by the population as well as by commercial and industrial establishments, depending on the quantity and type of the waste and taking into account the need for avoidance and minimisation, ensuring the long-term sustainability of resources which serve the well-being of the general public and the legitimate needs of individuals.

Stages of waste disposal
The area of waste disposal (WD) comprises the following disposal stages:
• waste collection and transport (separate collection where applicable)
• waste treatment
• intermediate waste storage
• waste dumping (landfill) and
• waste recycling.
The disposal stages or steps apply to both domestic and commercial and industrial waste. It is not always absolutely necessary, or even advisable, to follow all of these stages; rather, combinations of certain of these steps may be technically the best solution.
Waste transport (in collection vehicles) mostly involves the movement of empty, part-full and full vehicles, but also includes processes for emptying vehicles in transfer stations and treatment plants as well as at landfill sites. The object of waste transport (in special vehicles) is to transport waste between transfer stations and the relevant disposal plants. One must always consider whether the distance between the collection area and disposal plant (e.g. landfill site) has become uneconomic and, if so, provide transfer stations. Within this environmental brief, the transfer of waste is also considered as waste transport. ..




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#5

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