GPRS DRIVING WAP ON THE ROAD TO 3G full report
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GPRS DRIVING WAP ON THE ROAD TO 3G
ABSRTACT
Mobile telephony allowed us to talk on the move. The Internet turned raw data into helpful services that people found easy to use. Now, these two technologies are converging to create third generation mobile services. In simple terms, third generation (3G) services combine high-speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP)-based services. But this doesnâ„¢t just mean fast mobile connection to the world wide web. Rather, it means whole new ways to communicate, access information, conduct business, learn, and be entertained -- liberated from slow, cumbersome equipment and immovable points of access. Mobile computing is being heralded as the new killer app for the Internet.
While 3G hasnâ„¢t arrived yet 2.5G is here! The technologies at the forefront of 2.5G push are GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution.), WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), and WAP (Wireless Application Protocol).
On the road to 3G, we shall have an insight into the blossoming of 3G from 2G, the technologies involved, & their areas of application.. GRPS and WAP are definite stepping-stones on 3G wireless networks. Separately their improvements are useful upgrades and together they are a significant departure from 2G systems. A gradual transition and user acceptance for 3G could be a reality.

Presented By:
P.Sravan kumar,
3rd year E.C.E, Kakatiya Institute of Technology & science,
Warangal.

GPRS DRIVING WAP ON THE ROAD TO 3G
INTRODUCTION
Imagine having a combined camera, video camera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone! It's possible with 3G, the future of wireless communications. We will soon have high-speed access to a host of mobile multimedia services.
With access to any service anywhere, anytime, from one terminal, the old boundaries between communication, information, media, and entertainment will disappear. Services will truly converge.
"Mobility" will be offered with many services that we currently regard as "fixed" -- indeed, Ericsson believes that mobility will become the norm for many communication services. Weâ„¢ll be able to make video calls to the office and surf the Net simultaneously, or play interactive games with friends at home -- wherever we may be. But 3G is not just about applications that require high-speed data rates. Itâ„¢s about convenience and speed of access.
The following table gives an overview of wireless generations from 1G of 3G :
TECHNOLOGY
FEATURES
First-generation wireless AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service -Analog voice service
- No data service
Second-generation wireless CDMA Call Division Multiple Access
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
PDC Personal Digital Cellular - Digital voice service
- 9.6K to 14.4K bit/sec.
- CDMA, TDMA and PDC offer one-way data transmissions only
- Enhanced calling features like caller ID
- No always-on data connection
Third-generation wireless W-CDMA Wide band Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA-2000 Based on the Interim Standard-95 CDMA standard
- Superior voice quality
- Up to 2M bit/sec. always-on data
- Broadband data services like video and multimedia
- Enhanced roaming
While 3G has not arrived yet what the industry calls 2.5G is here! The term 2.5G is an ad hoc term for migratory technologies bridging the gap towards 3G. While one cannot expect to see real time streaming video on the cell phone soon, 2.5G technologies will enable e-mail management, web browsing and m-commerce (mobile commerce). We will look at two complimentary technologies viz., GPRS and WAP, at the forefront of 2.5G push¦¦¦¦
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
It is a packet switched wireless protocol for global system for mobile communications (GSM) that mirrors the Internet model and enables seamless transition towards 3G networks. It transmits IP packets very efficiently allowing profitable services to be marketed at attractive tariffs. Hence it is an excellent platform for wireless data services and applications. It permits burst transmission speeds of up to 115 Kbit/s (theoretically upto even 171 Kbit/s). It is the first transport mode to allow full instant Internet access and is an enabler for a wide range of applications. In this sense it truly may pave the way for UMTS (Universal Mode Telecommunication Service ), a 3G service. As both are packet based technologies, GPRS will be widely installed by operators as a step in the evolution towards the UMTS world.
It works as an overlay data packet network on top of its underlying circuit switched global system for mobile communications (GSM) radio network which is the prevailing mobile standard in Europe and most of Asia Pacific region. However it is also designed to work on TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) standard used by many mobile vendors in North America.
Features :
Several features of 3G wireless networking are delivered by GPRS:
Its main features can be categorized from user perspective and networking perspective.
¢ User features :
The real advantage of GPRS is that it provides an ˜ALWAYS “ ON™ connection between mobile terminal and the network. ˜Always “ on™ does not mean that there is always a steady stream data connection; It just means that, because data packets can be transmitted almost immediately i.e., instant IP connectivity, there is no costly connection time. Many current 2G information services require a data connection over voice line. As a result, users are charged by the minute for data services. This would not be necessary with GPRS.
SPEED is main advantage over existing networks. Using all 8 TDMA time slots in radio interface, a maximum speeds of upto 171.2 Kbit/s are possible, thatâ„¢s about 3 times faster than 56K modem and about 10 times faster CSD(Circuit Switched Data) transfers currently used.
HIGHER BANDWIDTH enables applications such as low quality video monitoring or music download.
¢ Network features :
Packet switching replaces the circuit switched transfer mechanism of GSM. Just like data transfers over internet, GPRS splits information into separate related data packets that are transmitted and reassembled at the termination. This allows the operators to implement IP (Internet Protocol) based infrastructure for tomorrows 3G voice and data applications.
SPECTRUM is used efficiently because GPRS resources are only allocated when there is actual data transfer , thus sharing the same limited radio resource among all mobile devices in a cell which frees up idle bandwidth that would have otherwise been wasted.
Working of GPRS :
Since the main goal of GPRS is to provide an intermediate step towards 3G, it needs to be both straightforward so that it can deploy on existing systems and also provide a logical upgrade path to 3G. However it is very important to note that GPRS signaling and data transfer does not in fact travel through GSM networks. The GSM network is only contacted for table look up in Location Registers so that GPRS can find user profiles on the existing network.

GPRS NETWORKING
The radio spectrum in the bands 890-915 MHz for the uplink (mobile station to base station) and 935-960 MHz for the downlink has been reserved in Europe some regions in Asia Pacific for mobile networks. At least 10 MHz in each band was reserved explicitly for GSM. This 2x25 MHz spectrum is divided into 200 kHz carrier frequencies using FDMA. One or more carrier frequencies are assigned to individual base stations, and each carrier is divided into eight time slots using TDMA. Groups of eight consecutive time slots form TDMA frames, with a duration of 4.615 ms. A transmission channel occupies one time slot position within a TDMA frame. TDMA frames of a particular carrier frequency are numbered, and both the mobile station and the base station are synchronized on this number. Larger frames are formed from groups of 26 and 51 TDMA frames (there are also larger groups), and position within such frames defines the type and function of a channel. GPRS sends packetized air traffic over one to eight time slots using time division multiple access. This can be shared with other users. The receiver takes these packets and sends them over public land mobile networks using IP backbones. The packets can then be rooted like any other IP datagram, onto other public data networks like the internet.
(We will see what is packet-switching mode in the latter sessions of this paper.)
GPRS network nodes :
Since existing network nodes use circuit switch technology, they cannot handle packet traffic. Base stations for instance, would have to be upgraded to include packet control units, mobility management, and security features. In addition to deploy GPRS on GSM, two kinds of network nodes are needed :
1) Serving GPRS support node (SGSN) :
¢ Delivers packets to mobile stations within service area
¢ Detects new GPRS mobile stations
¢ Queries home location register to get user profile data
¢ Keeps track of mobile stations.
2) Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) :
¢ Interfaces with external IP networks
¢ Maintains routing information used to tunnel packets to the right SGSN.
¢ One GGSN serves many SGSNs.
GPRS PROTOCOL LAYERING
GMM/SM
GMM/SM
LLC Relay LLC
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP
MAC MAC Network Service Network Service
GSM RF GSM RF L1 bis L1 bis


Um GB
MS BSS SGSN
¢ GMM/SM:
The Session Management layer supports context handling of packets to allow transparent data transport. The GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) sub layer supports the mobility of user terminals by keeping track of location and managing moves to other cells.
¢ LLC :
The Logical Link Control provides packet data transfer between MS (Mobile Station) and SGSN. It also manages retransmission.
¢ RLC :
The Radio Link Control tailers the packets i.e., size etc. for the needs of digital radio transmission.
¢ MAC :
The Medium Access Control utilizes the resources of physical radio interface below it to send the packets.
¢ GSMRF :
This physical interface can use one to eight TDMA time slots to transfer information at the rate of 171.2 Kbit/s.
The other side of the page link through base station system include :
¢ BSSGP :
The Base Station System GPRS Protocol transports between a BSS and a SGSN.
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol )
The internet and mobility are main drivers behind our economy. One comprises the worldâ„¢s biggest library while the other represents the natural way of working the untethered way. WAP the defacto standard brings them together enabling anywhere anytime access to information from any device over any network. It is essentially a browsing protocol, specifically for mobile devices.
The idea behind WAP is to take a client server approach with emphasis on the server doing most of the work.. It is designed to deliver content in optimal format for display on thin client devices such as mobile phones, This is done by using a small micro browser on the mobile phone that requires only minimal resources.
Its main feature is that it does not depend on any one specific underlying transport standards which means that WAP complaint services and applications run over all network types, both current and future.
How does WAP work
The mechanism behind WAP communications is fairly simple comparable to IP.
WAP vs. IP

Internet WAP
HTML JavaScript Wireless Application Environment (WAE)
HTTP Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)
Wireless Transport Protocol (WTP)
TLS “ SSL Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
TCP/IP
UDP/IP Wireless Datagram User Datagram
Protocol (WDP) Protocol (UDP)
To send or retrieve data, the micro browser on a WAP capable phone initiates the following events:
1) The browser makes a request in WML (Wireless Markup Language). The WML is derived from HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language). This is specifically designed for mobile data transfer and mobile screen display.
2) The request is passed to WAP gateway which has an access to internet ant retrieves the requested information from the server.
3) Requested data is then sent back to mobile micro browser from the WAP gateway.
THE WAP MODEL
WAP AND GPRS A GOOD MATCH
WAP has taken off rapidly and looks set to get mobile data revolution. Users are currently accessing mobile portals using circuit switched data links which indicates the high value they place on the content. Thus when the same content over GPRS the user experience will be enhanced. To become practical and useful WAP needs precisely those upgrades that GPRS provides. GPRS is very efficient medium and it consumes far less air resources. Therefore the result is that operator cost for WAP over GPRS services are significantly lower than with WAP over CSD.
Packet Switching vs. Circuit Switching :
Circuit Switching was designed for voice communication. It creates temporary dedicated links well suited for this type of communication. But, it less well suited for data and other non-conversational transmissions which tend to be bursty meaning that data comes in spurts with idle gaps between them. When these links are used, the line is often idle and its facilities wasted. Multiplexing improves line utilization but is only minimally effective unless transmission is predictable and every user is transmitting at same rate.
Second weakness is its data rate. A CS page link creates the equivalent of a single cable between two devices and thereby assumes single data rate for both devices.
Thirdly, CS is inflexible. Once a circuit has been established, that circuit is the path taken by all parts of transmission whether or not it remains the most efficient.
Finally, CS sees all transmissions as equal, but often with data network transmission, priority is important. For instance, transmission X can go anytime, but transmission is time dependent and must go immediately.
A better solution for data transmission is Packet Switching (PS). In PS network, data is transmitted in discrete units of potentially variable length blocks (from 200 bytes to 65,545 bytes) called packets. Longer transmissions are broken up into multiple packets. Each packet contains data and a header with control information. The packets are sent to networks from node to node where packet is stored briefly and then routed accordingly to the information in its header.
A typical Packet
(A cell networking is an improvement over packet network which is made up of 53 bytes each wherein 47 bytes reserved for data and 5 bytes for header)
Instant access :
The ˜Always “ on™ feature is an excellent alternative to circuit switched data and its associated need to set up a call for every communication to Internet. GPRS provides immediacy , which will enable higher interactivity and faster response time, thus lowering user frustration. In an optimized service the user can access the first page of a WAP session in about 5 to 10 seconds and subsequent pages will take 2 to 4 seconds. With ˜Always “ on™ mode it will possible to access the first page nearly as quickly as subsequent pages. GPRS users are on-line via logical connections as in the internet model. Communication channels are employed during transmission sessions only but are instantly available. Thus, staying on-line all the day does not in itself incur any additional charges.
Higher Transfer rate :
The higher transfer rates are needed to accommodate WAPâ„¢s unusually complex and frequent network resource requirements. The increased bandwidth will allow better and more varied applications with pictures, movement and sound. This would be a welcome change to the current lack luster WAP applications.
Security :
Security in wap and GPRS is performed at different protocol layers. GPRS provides security at bearer layer while WAP adds security on top of transport layer. The first step is to authenticate the mobile terminal with standard GSM techniques. After that all data between the mobile terminal and serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is encrypted. WAP security is based on wireless transport layer security which is independent of the underlying bearer. For establishing secured connections between WAP gateway and content servers on the internet Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is used.
3G AROUND THE GLOBE
In Europe, cellular networks had cellular networks had reached relative standardization through the GSM for most of the last decade. The natural upgrade was GPRS. Europeâ„¢s transition to 3G technology, generically called W-CDMA (Wide band Code Division Multiple Access) may begin this year or next, the major hurdle being economical rather than technical.
Unlike Europe North America suffers from a lack of standardization on 2G cellular service. Some carriers use CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) while others use TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). CDMA carriers will probably continue to upgrade their data rates until they launch 3G. While TDMA carriers will first upgrade to GPRS before going on to W-CDMA. Because of these difficulties, 3G in north America will roll out later than in Europe.
But, Japan is ahead of the game. NTT Dacono has announced the launch of 3G services dubbed FOMA (Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access). The wide acceptance is a part of the reason why 3G is arriving so quickly in Japan.
CONCLUSION
The world is witnessing the transformation of mobile phone from a voice centric communication device to a tool fro managing business and private life and sharing and storing experiences. In this scenario, WAP over GPRS together bring mobile services one step forward on the road of evolution towards 3G services.
Unfortunately, there are also shortfalls to both technologies that suggest they are merely transition technologies. Although both standards have a lot of industry backing there is also a lot of pressure from competing technologies. A lot depends on whether true 3G capable technologies will emerge sooner rather than later. If 3G is deployed soon, 2.5G technologies may not have sufficient to penetrate the market properly. Whatever happens, GPRS and WAP are useful migratory technologies, which will be, heard a lot more.
References:
BOOKS :
1. Introduction to DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING by
BEHROUZ FOROUZAN, TMH edition.
2. MOBILE CELLULAR TELECOMMUNICATIONS, Analog and Digital Systems by William .C.Y.Lee, McGRAW-HILLS International Editions, IInd Editions.
3. DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING by William Stallings, PHI Editions, IVth Edition.
4. IEEE Potentials, the magazine for up-and-coming engineers.
5. Mobile Commerce Report by Durlacher Research Ltd.
WEB SITES :
1. ieee.org
2. durlacher.com
3. fatbrain.com
4. convisual.com
5. nokia-asia.com
6. ericsson.com
7. atmforum.com
8. handytel.com
9. complinetwapweek/
10. techonline.com
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