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Electric motors have been developed in several special types, such as stepping motors, servo motors, permanent magnet motors, etc. We have many options to choose an engine that is more suitable for our application. A brushless DC motor or BLDC motor is the most suitable type for applications requiring high reliability, high efficiency, more torque per weight, etc.
Construction of a BLDC engine
Like any other electric motor, a BLDC motor also has a stator and a rotor. The permanent magnets are mounted on the rotor of a BLDC motor, and the stator is wound with a specific number of poles. This is the basic constructional difference between a brushless motor and a typical DC motor.
There may be two types of BLDC motor based on the construction:
(i) interior rotor design and
(ii) exterior rotor design.
The following image shows an example of external rotor BLDC motor.
Operating principle
The stator windings of a BLDC motor are connected to a control circuit (an integrated switching circuit). The control circuit energizes the appropriate winding at the appropriate time, in a pattern rotating around the stator. The rotor magnet attempts to align with the energized stator electromagnet, and as soon as it is aligned, the next electromagnet is energized. Thus, the rotor continues to operate. The animation below will give you a clear idea of "how does a brushless DC motor work?"