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siwes report for computer science

Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (Siwes) Project Report is an effective instrument for exposing students to the realities of the work environment in Nigeria especially, and the world in general; in their chosen professions so as to achieve the much needed technological advancement for the nation. To give an account of the activities carried out during the scheme, the trainee submits a technical report stating, in details, all the knowledge and experience gained.This report gives a detailed explanation of all the activities carried out by the trainee. Before giving details of these activities, general background knowledge, as studied from relevant engineering texts available, is briefly explained. Then followed by the details of these activities, with each project been involved in outlined under each chapter. Thereafter the chapter that explains the various problems encountered in executing the afore-mentioned projects and the solutions proffered to solve those problems.The SIWES was established as a result of the realization by the Federal Government, in 1971, of the need to introduce a new dimension to the quality and standard of education obtained in the country in order to achieve the much needed technological advancement; because it has been shown that a correlation exists between a country’s level of economic and technological development, and its level of investment in manpower development (Oniyide, 2000).

Introduction

This chapter begins with explaining the purpose of the report; follow by the history of SIWES, their objectives and bodies managing SIWES.

Purpose of This Report

The Industrial Attachment program fulfills part of the requirement in pursuing a certificate in National Diploma (Computer Science) in Nasarawa State University Keffi. This report serves to summarize the activities and experiences gained with FCDA – ICT Unit, Area 11, Garki Abuja.
History of SIWES

The government’s decree No. 47 of 8th Oct; 1971 as amended in 1990, highlighted the capacity building of human resources in industry, commerce and government through training and retraining of workers in order to effectively provide the much needed high quality goods and services in a dynamic economy as ours (Jemerigbo, 2003). This decree led to the establishment of Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1973/1974.

The growing concern among our industrialists that graduates of our institutions of Higher learning, lack adequate practical background studies preparatory for employment in industries, led to the formation of students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) by ITF in 1993/1994(Information and Guideline for SIWES, 2002). ITF has as one of its key functions; to work as cooperative entity with industry and commerce where students in institutions of higher learning can undertake mid-career work experience attachment in industries which are compatible with student’s area of study (Okorie 2002, in Asikadi 2003).

The students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill Training programme designed to expose and prepare students of Agriculture, Engineering, Technology, Environmental, Science, Medical Sciences and pure and applied sciences for the Industrial work situation which they likely to meet after graduation. Duration of SIWES is four months in Polytechnics at the end of NDI, four months in College of Education at the end of NCE II and six months in the Universities at the end of 300 or 400 or 500 levels depending on the discipline (Information and Guideline for SIWES, 2002).
Aims and Objectives of SIWES

The objectives of SIWES among others includes to:-

• Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills and experience in their approved course of study.

• Prepare students for the industrial works situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.

• Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery not available in their institutions.

• Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theories and practices.

• Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process and prepare students for employment in Industry and Commerce (Information and Guideline for SIWES, 2002).
Bodies Involved in the Management of SIWES

The bodies involved are: Federal Government, Industrial Training Fund (ITF), Other Supervising Agencies are: National University Commission (NUC), National Board for Technical Education

(NBTE), & National Council for Colleges of Education (NCCE).

The functions of these agencies above include among others to:

• Ensure adequate funding of the scheme;

• Establish SIWES and accredit SIWES unit in the approved institutions;

• Formulate policies ad guideline for participating bodies and institutions as well as appointing SIWES coordinators and supporting staff;

• Supervise students at their places of attachment and sign their log-book and ITF Forms;

• Vet and process student’s log-books and forward same to ITF Area office;

• Ensure payment of Allowances for the students and supervisors.

Therefore the success or otherwise of the SIWES depends on the efficiency of the Ministries, ITF, Institutions, Employers of labor and the general public involved in articulation and management of the program. Thus the evaluation of SIWES in tertiary institutions in meeting up with the needs for the establishment of the program is necessary.

CHAPTER 2
Computer motherboard

Motherboard is the center piece of the computer system it contains all the circuitry and components either directly on the board or via additional components which connect directly to it, and how the computer motherboard is connected to various computer peripherals. And the essentials roles the motherboard plays in the computer system. Such roles include;
Organization of devices: Everything is eventually connected to the motherboard. The way that the motherboard is designed and laid out dictates how the entire computer is going to be organized.

Control of the devices: Built-in to the motherboard is the chipset and BIOS program, which between them control the majority of data flow throughout the different computer systems.
System Communication: Almost all communication between the PC and its peripherals, other PCs, and you, the user, goes through the motherboard.
Processor Support: The motherboard socket depicts which choice of processor you can use in your system.
Peripheral Support: The motherboards components determine what type of peripherals you can use in your PC. For example, you not use AGP cards if you only have PCI slots.
System Performance: The motherboard is a major factor in your system's performance; it dictates which type of processors, memory, system buses, and hard disk interface speed your system can have via its connectors or BIOS settings. Often if you are upgrading after a number of years you will need to replace the board, CPU, and memory.
Upgradeability: As motherboards are developed newer processors may not be compatible with your hardware as limitations of the circuitry built-in to the board itself will not allow them to run. As a result you can look for any upgrades via your maker's website but may need to consider upgrading.

INSTALLATION OF SOFTWARE
Steps to follow before, when, after installing operating system software;
1. Decide what you would like to do. Are you going to reinstall your operating system because of problems, upgrading your current version, or are you installing an operating system on a new computer? Make sure that you have the new operating system install program. Windows and Mac require that you purchase a CD or DVD Rom(s). Ubuntu and other Linux are free and can be installed from a flash drive too.
2. Back up your data. If you are reinstalling your operating system, it is likely that you will need to wipe the disk. Back up your data before doing so, as everything on the disk will be destroyed. If you are simply upgrading, it is okay to skip this step, but it is advisable to save at least the most important files on your computer.
3. Completely wipe all information from the hard disc. This will ensure that you do not carry problems over into the new install.
New installations of Windows and Linux offer to replace all data on your entire hard disk. So completely wiping it prior to installation is unnecessary.
4. Boot up. Turn on your computer and quickly enter the boot menu. The owner's manual for your computer or motherboard should have instructions on how to do this. It will show on the screen for a brief moment too. Select the drive that contains the setup disk (and be sure you have inserted it). Save the setting and exit.
5. Start the installation. It may take the install program a few minutes to load, this is normal. Once it has loaded, follow the onscreen instructions. If you are installing a new operating system on a new computer or reinstalling due to a problem, wipe the disk. Be sure you have saved everything that you would like to save before starting this process.
6. Sit back and relax. The installer may ask you for some information while it's installing, but for the most part, just waiting is okay. Near the end of the installation, the installer will ask you for last-minute information, like your name, the name of the computer, sign in name, password, time zone, etc. Do not be alarmed by this, none of this information can be used to identify you, it's all for personal preference.
7. Enter the product ID. If you are installing a consumer operating system like Windows, it will probably require you to enter a product ID. Look at the back of the CD case for the product ID or, indeed, on the case of the computer if the computer came with an OEM version of Windows. If you are installing Linux, this will not apply to you if it is an open source variant of Linux (for example: Backtrack, Ubuntu, Fedora), but will if it is a closed source variant of Linux (for example: Red Hat, HPUX, SuSE etc.).
8. Reboot. Once you reboot, the computer will finalize everything and log you in. At this point, you may need to install drivers. Insert any disks that came with your computer or its parts that are NOT an operating system, and allow the drivers to be installed (if necessary).
9. Allow updates. This is especially important in Windows. Allow the computer to seek updates and install them. Look for a "top 10 things to do" list for that operating system.
10. Install antivirus software. If you are using Windows without antivirus software while on the web, you are extremely vulnerable to all kinds of malicious programs. Before you do anything, even installing Firefox, install antivirus.

CHAPTER 3
NETWORKING
In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.
NETWORK DEVICES [networking hardware]
Networking devices are units that mediate data in a computer network and that they’re also known as network equipment. Some network equipment are;

Gateway: this device is placed at a network node and interfaces with another network that uses different protocols. It works on OSI layers 4 to 7.
Router: a specialized network device that determines the next network point to which it can forward a data packet towards the ultimate destination of the packet. Unlike a gateway, it cannot interface different protocols. It works on OSI layer 3.
Switch: a device that allocates traffic from one network segment to certain lines (intended destination(s)) which connect the segment to another network segment. Unlike a hub, a switch splits the network traffic and sends it to different destinations rather than to all systems on the network. It works on OSI layer 2.

Bridge: a device that connects multiple network segments along the data page link layer. It works on OSI layer 2.
Hub: a device that connects multiple Ethernet segments, making them act as a single segment. When using a hub, every attached device shares the same broadcast domain and the same collision domain. Therefore, only one computer connected to the hub is able to transmit at a time. Depending on the network topology, the hub provides a basic level 1 OSI model connection among the network objects (workstations, servers, etc.). It provides bandwidth which is shared among all the objects, in contrast to switches, which provide a connection between individual nodes. It works on OSI layer 1.
Repeater: a device which amplifies or regenerates digital signals received while sending them from one part of a network into another. It works on OSI layer 1.

ETHERNET STANDARD OT CABLING
Ethernet is a network through which a twisted cable is used.
There are two standard of cabling according to Ethernet which are
1. T568A
THIS IMPLIES THE CODE Wg G Wo B Wb O Wbr Br
The above means [white OF Green][green] [white of orange][blue][white of blue][orange][white of brown][brown]

2. T568B
this implies thE CODE Wo O Wg B Wb G Wb B
the above means [white of oarnge][orange][white of green][blue][white of blue][green][white of blue][blue]
straight thru cable as T568B AT BOTH END WHILE CROSS OVER HAS T568B AT ONE END, AND HAS T568B AT THE OTHER END.

CROSS OVER CABLE CONNECT LIKE DEVICES SUCH AS
1. PC TO PC
2. SWITCH TO SWITCH
2. ROUTER TO ROUTER
STRAIGHT THRU CONNECT UNLIKE DEVICES SUCH AS,
1. PC TO ROUTER
2. SWITCH TO ROUTER
3. SWITCH TO PC

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Network which is also known as Physical Topology refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other peripherals.
Logical Topology
Definition: Logical topology is the method used to information between workstations.
The term Topology refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.
Network Topology are categorized into the following basic types;
• Star Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Ring Topology
• Bus Topology
• Hierarchical/Tree Topology

• Star Topology: A star Topology network features a central connection point called a “hub” that maybe a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Ethernet.

• Mesh Topology: Mesh topology involves the concept of routes, unlike other topologies, message sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible path from source to destination some WANs, most notably the internet, employ mesh routing.

• Ring Topology: in a Ring network, every devices has exactly two neighbors for communication processes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction. A failure in any cable or devices breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.

• Bus Topology: in Bus network, all stations are attached to a single cable. When a station send a message, it is broadcast down in both directions. Terminators at the end of the cable prevent the signal from reflecting back to the sender. All stations can be constantly monitor for messages meant for them. When a station detects a message meant for it, reads the message from the cable and the other stations will ignore it.
Since all station are sharing the same cable some form of control is needed to make
Sure which station will transmit when otherwise there will be a collision.
Advantages of Bus Network
• It is easy to wire.
• Quick response and less expensive.
• If only one station dies, it has no effect on the total network.

• Hierarchical Topology: in Hierarchical Network, the wires that are used to connect different nodes are collapsed into a central unit, called Hub. Hub does not perform switching function. It consists of repeaters that transmit all the signal from nodes to all other nodes in the same way. The multipoint nature of this topology gives rise to several problems. The access control is fairly difficult to determine the time slot for each node. Another problem with multipoint is signal balancing.

Conclusion:
Hence, to explain the details to the student the trainee should have the complete knowledge and experience, to expose students to latest developments and technological innovations in their chosen professions. The trainee also has to provide, opportunities for the students to be involved in the practical aspect of their respective disciplines. Thus, bridging the gap between the theoretical aspects taught in the class and the real world situations.