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FACTS-based Schemes for Distribution Networks with Dispersed Renewable Wind Energy
Introduction
 Wind is a renewable Green Energy source
 Introduction
 Wind is also a clean Abundant Source
 No Emissions, No Pollutions
 Wind energy is a promising green energy and becomes increasingly viable &popular.
 The cost of wind-generated electric energy has dropped substantially(6-7 per KWH).
 By 2005, the worldwide capacity had been increased to 58,982 MW-Cost is $ 2000-2500/KW
 World Wind Energy Association expects 120,000 MW to be installed globally by 2010.
 Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) Using Large Squirrel Cage/Slip ring Induction Generators
 Stand alone-Village Electricity
 Electric Grid Connected WECS
 Distributed/Dispersed/Farm Renewable Wind Energy Schemes
 Located closer to Load Centers
 Low Reliability, Utilization, Security
Motivations
 Energy crisis
 Shortage of conventional fossil fuel based energy
 Escalating/rising cost of fossil fuels
 Environmental/Pollution/GHG Issues
 Greenhouse gas emission /Carbon Print
 Acid Rain/Smog/VOC-Micro-Particulates
 Water/Air/Soil Pollution &Health Hazards
 Large wind farm utilization is also emerging (50MW-250 MW) Sized Using Super Wind driven Turbines 1.6, 3.6, 5 MW Sizes
 Many new interface Regulations/Standards/PQ Requirements regarding full integration of large distributed/dispersed Wind Farms into Utility Grid.
 Challenges for Utility Grid–Wind Integration.
 Stochastically-Highly Variable wind power injected into the Utility Grid.
 Increased Wind MW-Power penetration Level.
 Low SCR-Weak Distribution/Sub Transmission/Transmission Networks
- Mostly of a Radial Configuration
- Large R/X ratio distribution Feeder with high Power Losses (4-10 %), Voltage Regulation Problems/Power Quality/Interference Issues.
 Required Reactive Power Compensation & Increased Burden brought by the induction generator
 Sample Distribution Study System
 WECS-Decoupled Interface Scheme
System Description-wind turbine
 Wind turbine model based on the steady-state power characteristics of the turbine
 S -- the Total BladeArea swept by the rotor blades (m^2)
 v -- the wind velocity (m/s)
 ρ--air density (kg/v^3)
System Description
 System Description – Wind speed
 The dynamic wind speed model consists of four basic components:
 Mean wind speed-14 m/s
 Wind speed ramp with a slope of ±5.6
 Wind gust
 Ag: the amplitude of the gust
 Tsg: the starting time of the gust
 Teg: the end time of the gust
 Dg = Teg - Tsg
 Turbulence components: a random Gaussian series
Wind Speed Dynamic Model
 MPFC-FACTS Scheme 1
 Complementary PWM pulses to ensure dynamic topology change between switched capacitor and tuned arm power filter
 Two IGBT solid state switches control the operation of the MPFC via a six-pulse diode bridge
Tri-loop Error Driven Controller
 DVR-FACTS Scheme 2
 A combination of series capacitor and shunt capacitor compensation
 Flexible structure modulated by a Tri-loop Error Driven Controller
HPFC-FACTS Scheme 3
 Use of a 6-pulse VSC based APF to have faster controllability and enhanced dynamic performance
 Combination of tuned passive power filter and active power filter to reduce cost
 Novel Scheme-3 Multi-loop Error Driven Controller
 Novel Decoupled Multi-loop Error Driven Controller
 Using decoupled direct and quad. (d , q) voltage components
 Using The Phase Locked Loop (PLL) to get the required synchronizing signal- phase angle of the synthesized VSC-Three Phase AC output voltages with Utility-Bus
 Using Proportional plus Integral (PI) controller to regulate any tracked errors
 Using Pulse Width Modulation-PWM with a variable modulation index -m
 Novel Decoupled Multi-loop Error Driven Controller
 Outer-Voltage Regulator: Tri-loop Dynamic Error-Driven controller
 The voltage stabilization loop
 The current dynamic error tracking loop
 The dynamic power tracking loop
 Inner-Voltage Regulator: Mainly to control the DC-Side capacitor charging and discharging voltage to ensure almost a near constant DC capacitor voltage
Controller Tuning
 Control Parameter: Selection/optimization
 Using a guided Off-Line Trial-and-Error Method based on successive digital simulations
 Minimize the objective function-Jo
 Find optimal Gains: kp, ki and individual loop weightings (γ) to yield a near minimum Jo under different set-selections of the controller parameters
Digital Simulation
 Digital Study System Validation is done by using Matlab/Simulink/Sim-Power Software Environment under a sequence of excursions:
 Load switching/Excusrions
 At t = 0.2 second, the induction motor was removed from bus 5 for a duration of 0.1 seconds;
 At t = 0.4 second, linear load was removed from bus 4 for a duration of 0.1 seconds;
 At t = 0.5 second, the AC distribution system recovered to its initial state.
 Wind-Speed Gusting changes modeled by dynamic wind speed-Software model
Digital Simulation
Digital Simulation Environment:
MATLAB /Simulink/Sim-Power
 Using the discrete simulation mode with a sample time of 0.1 milliseconds
 The digital simulations were carried out without and with the novel FACTS-based devices located at Bus 5 for 0.8 seconds
 Comparison of Voltage THD with Different Compensation Scheme
 Comparison of Steady-state Bus Voltage with Different Compensation Scheme
Conclusions
 Three Novel FACTS-based Converter & Control schemes, namely the MPFC, the DVR, and the HPFC, have been Developed and validated for voltage stabilization, power factor correction and power quality improvement in the distribution network with dispersed wind energy integrated.

thank u!! your idea about FACTS-based schemes was exactly what i was looking for to give a seminar on..& non-conventional sources of energy WERE my focus of projects & rest of seminars...yours is based on wind energy rather than solar or molecular-based energy but i liked the schemes to implement it! i'm looking for similar schemes on other energy sources...any ideas?