07-03-2011, 11:18 AM
Presented by:
SURAJ KUMAR
SUMIT KUMAR
VIKASH KUMAR
VIVEK SINGH YADAV
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FABRICATION OF FOUR WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The front-to-rear wheel alignment plays a significant role in the directional stability of a vehicle.
Often the lack of stability causes a dangerous drive.
Up to the mid-1950s the majority of cars suffered from over-steer, mainly due to the uncontrolled movement of the rear axle caused by spring deflection which is initiated by body roll.
To improve stability, most cars nowadays are designed to exhibit under-steer characteristic when driven at high speeds.
Although under-steer condition improves stability of the vehicle, it increases the driver's steering effort. Also since a vehicle handling changes with road speed, the response to a steering movement, both in time and direction, is difficult to predict.
These disadvantages can be overcome to a great extent by using four wheel steering (4WS).
STEERING SYSTEM
Steering of a four wheel vehicle is, as far as possible, arranged so that the front wheels will roll truly without any lateral slip.
The front wheels are supported on front axle so that they can swing to the left or right for steering.
This movement is produced by gearing and linkage between the steering wheel in front of the driver and the steering knuckle or wheel.
The complete arrangement is called the steering system.
REQUIREMENTS OF STEERING SYSTEM
It should multiply the turning effort applied on the steering wheel by the driver.
It should be to a certain degree irreversible so that the shocks of the road surface encountered by the wheels are not transmitted to the driver’s hand.
The mechanism should have self ±rightening effect so that when the driver release the steering wheel after negotiating the turn, the wheel should try to achieve straight ahead position.
FUNCTIONS OF THE STEERING SYSTEM
To control the angular motion the wheels and thus the direction of motion of the vehicle.
To provide directional stability of the vehicle while going straight ahead.
To facilitate straight ahead condition of the vehicle after completing a turn.
The road irregularities must be damped to the maximum possible extent. This should co-exist with the road feel for the driver so that he can feel the road condition without experiencing the effects of moving over it.
To minimize tyre wear and increase the life of the tyres .
STEERING PRINCIPLES AND COMPONENTS
ACKERMANN STEERING MECHANISM
With perfect Ackermann, at any angle of steering, the centre point of all of the circles traced by all wheels will lie at a common point. But this may be difficult to arrange in practice with simple linkages.
Hence, modern cars do not use pure Ackermann steering, partly because it ignores important dynamic and compliant effects, but the principle is sound for low speed man oeuvres.
CASTOR
In addition to being tilted inward toward the centre of the vehicle, the kingpin axis may also be tilted forward or backward from the vertical line. This tilt is known as caster.
Thus the angle between the vertical line and the kingpin centre line in the plane of the wheel (when viewed from the side) is called caster angle.
DIAGRAMATICAL EXPLANATION
CAMBER
The angle between the centre line of the tyre and the vertical line when viewed from the front of the vehicle is known as camber.
Positive camber: When upper part of wheel is outside.
Negative camber: When upper part of wheel is inside.
VEHICLE DYNAMICS AND STEERING
Under steer:
Under steer is so called because when the slip angle of front wheels is greater than slip angle of rear wheels.
Over steer:
Over steer is defined when the slip angle of front wheels lesser than the slip angle of rear wheels.
Neutral steer or counter steering:
Counter-steering can defined as when the slip angle of front wheels is equal to slip angle of rear wheels.
FABRICATION OF FOUR WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM
Here, the rear wheels turn in a direction opposite to the front wheels so that to reduce the turning circle radius at low speeds. This would be very useful in city traffic conditions
The main objective of our project is to fabricate the Four Wheel steering, (REAR STEER MODE).
We made modifications in the MARUTHI-800 model car to achieve four wheel steering. Maruti 800 is the largest selling car in India. It is manufactured by Maruti Udyog in India. Maruti 800 is ideal compliment to advanced lifestyles and tastes with a car fully made for the Indian roads.
Under Steer Over Steer
METHODOLOGY
Neutral steer or counter steering
Modification was made in the rear wheel assembly and addition of one more rack and pinion steering gear box for steering the rear wheels.
Then a transfer rod is placed in between the front and rear steering gear box to transfer the motion to rear steering gear box.
As the vehicle Maruti 800 is front wheel drive there will be no difficulty in transferring the power from the Engine through Gear box, only a rear wheel assembly with steering gear box is required.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
When the steering is steered the power is transferred to the front
steering gear box, and a bevel gear arrangement is made to transfer the power to the rear steering gear box.
Bevel gear is used to transmit the rotary motion perpendicularly, so the one bevel gear is introduced in the front steering rod. Other bevel gear is connected to the transfer rod.
Two supports are used to support the transfer rod. Transfer rod is connected to the rear steering gear box. Rear steering gear box is fixed to the car body by bolts and nuts and the ends of the steering box are connected to the rear wheel hub where the tyres are mounted.
As the steering is steered the rear wheels also turn by the arrangements made and the rear wheel turn in the opposite direction.
REAR WHEEL OPPOSITE TO FRONT WHEEL
BENEFITS OF THE 4WS SYSTEM
In conjunction with rear steer mode, four-wheel steering can significantly improve the vehicle handling at both high and low speeds.
Due to the better handling and easier steering capability, driver fatigue can be reduced even over long drives.
Stability of the vehicle increases.
Turning radius of the vehicle can be decreased to a greater extent by rear steer mode.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The use of four-wheel steering in wheel chairs introduces a dilemma for the control of that vehicle. Optimum performance is likely attained when the wheels can be left at arbitrary, but known, steering angles while the chair is idle.
The range of options available are to power both rear wheels, power both front wheels, and power one rear and one front wheel on opposite sides of the vehicle. Powering all wheels gives maximum performance, and, since each wheel on the same side of the vehicle travels at the same velocity, four completely independent channels of control are not necessary.
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
An innovative feature of this steering linkage design and its ability to drive all four (or two) wheels using a single steering actuator. Its successful implementation will allow for the development of a four-wheel, steered power base with maximum maneuverability, uncompromised static stability, front- and rear-wheel tracking, and optimum obstacle climbing capability.
