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Abstract -
A biometric passport, also known as an e-passport , is a combined paper and electronic passport that contains biometric information that can be used to authenticate the identity of travelers. It uses contactless smart card technology including a microprocessor chip that is embedded into the front or back cover The passport's critical information is both printed on the data page of the passport and stored in the chip. The standardized biometrics used for this type of identification system are facial recognition, finger print recognition and iris recognition. Only the digital image of each biometric feature is actually stored in the chip. The comparison of biometric features is performed outside the passport chip by electronic border control systems. In this paper the biometrics used is finger print recognition with a microcontroller PIC16F877A used as the reader or writer system. The biometric information was stored in an EEPROM memory. The details given on this paper was experimentally determined.
Keywords- PIC16F877A, EEPROM, IIC, USART, RS232, LCD
I. INTRODUCTION
Each day, our lives become more dependent on 'embedded systems', a digital information technology that is embedded in our environment. It’s a rapidly growing industry where growth opportunities are numerous. An Embedded System is built to perform its duty, completely or partially independent of human intervention and is specially designed to perform a few tasks in the most efficient way. Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use. The uses of embedded systems are virtually limitless, because every day new products are introduced to the market that utilizes embedded system in novel ways.
Typically, an embedded system is housed on a single microprocessor or microcontroller board with the programs stored in it. Microcontroller is more preferred to microprocessor because it contains all the features of a full computer including central processor, in-built clock circuitry, ROM, RAM, input and output ports with special features such as serial communication, analogue-to-digital conversion etc.
II. BIOMETRICS
The word biometrics derived from bios that means life and metron that means measure; in other words is the study of methods to uniquely recognize human traits of each person. These unique characteristics can be divided in two distinct classes:
Physiological: related to the body of the person. The most famous unique trait is the fingerprint, but there are a lot more, like the shape of the hand or of the face, the iris recognition or the DNA analysis.
Behavioural: related to the behaviour of the person. In this case
the well-known example is the signature, another known biometric characteristic known is the voice. There is also the keystroke dynamic or the gait (the study of locomotion).
The biometric trait that we use in this paper is the fingerprint.
A. Finger Print
Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest method which has been successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and furrows as well as the minutiae points. Minutiae points are local ridge characteristics that occur at either a ridge bifurcation or a ridge ending.
Fingerprint scanning is the acquisition and recognition of a person’s fingerprint characteristics for identification purposes. This allows the recognition of a person through quantifiable physiological characteristics that verify the identity of an individual. There are basically two different types of finger-scanning technology that make this possible. One is an optical method, which starts with a visual image of a finger