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Abstract
Visualizable objects in biology and medicine extend across a wide range of scale, from individual molecules and cells through tissue varieties and interstitial interfaces to whole organs, organ systems, and body parts.

The practice of medicine and the study of biology have always been based on visualizations to study the relationship between anatomical structure and biological function and to detect and treat diseases and injuries that disturb or threaten the processes of normal life. Traditionally, these visualizations have been direct, through surgery or biopsy, or indirect, requiring extensive mental reconstruction. The potential for revolutionary innovation in medical practice and biological research lies in the direct, fully immersive, multisensory, real-time, real-time online data flow visualization available during clinical procedures Real or biological experiments. In the field of scientific visualization, the term "four-dimensional visualization" generally refers to the process of representing a three-dimensional field of scalar values.

"4D" is the abbreviation for "four dimensions" - the fourth dimension is time. The 4D display takes three-dimensional images and adds the time element to the process. The revolutionary capabilities of the new three-dimensional (3-D) and four-dimensional (4-D) medical imaging modalities along with computerized reconstruction and multidimensional medical and histological volume imaging data avoid the need for physical dissection or Abstract assembly of Anatomy and provide new and potent opportunities for medical diagnosis and treatment as well as for biological investigations. In contrast to 3D diagnostic imaging processes, 4D allows the physician to visualize the internal anatomy by moving in real time. Thus, doctors and sonographers can detect or rule out any number of problems, from vascular anomalies and genetic syndromes. Time will reveal the importance of the 4d display

4D-THE MODERN DIMENSION
"4D" is the abbreviation for "four dimensions" - the fourth dimension is time. The 4D display takes three-dimensional images and adds the time element to the process.

In contrast to the diagnostic processes of 3D images, 4D allows the physician to visualize the internal anatomy moving in real time. For example: The movement patterns of the fetuses allow to draw conclusions about their development; Increased precision in ultrasound guided biopsies thanks to the visualization of the needle movements in real time in the 3 planes. Thus, physicians and sonographers can detect or rule out any number of problems, from vascular anomalies and genetic syndromes

3D OF LIFE TO 4D:
Locked within the biomedical 3-D images is meaningful information about the objects and their properties from which the images are derived. Efforts to unlock this information to reveal answers to the mysteries of form and function are expressed in the realm of image processing and visualization. A variety of standard and sophisticated methods have been developed for processing (modifying) images to selectively increase the visibility and measurability of the characteristics and properties of the desired object. For example, both realism preservation approaches and those that modulate the perception of image presentation have significantly advanced the practical utility of biomedical imaging in 4D.

Many life-threatening diseases and / or quality of life conditions still require physical interventions in the body to reduce or eliminate disease or to alleviate harmful or painful conditions. However, minimally invasive or non-invasive interventions are now within your reach to effectively increase medical performance by stopping or curing diseases; Reduce risk, pain, complications and relapse of the patient; And lower the costs of medical care. What is still required is the targeted reduction of recent and continuous advances in visualization technology at the practice level so that they can provide new tools and procedures that physicians must have to treat their patients and train scientists in Biomedical studies of structure - to relate functions.


To form an image is to map some properties of an object in the space of the image. This space is used to visualize the object and its properties and can be used to quantitatively characterize its structure or function. The science of image can be defined as the study of these assignments and the development of ways to better understand, improve and use them productively. The challenge of image science is to provide advanced capabilities for the acquisition, processing, visualization and quantitative analysis of biomedical images to substantially increase the faithful extraction of useful information they contain.

4D visualization concept
In the field of scientific visualization, the term "four-dimensional visualization" generally refers to the process of representing a three-dimensional field of scalar values. While this paradigm applies to many different data sets, there are also uses for visualizing data that correspond to real three-dimensional structures. Four-dimensional structures have typically been visualized via the wire frame methods, but this process alone is usually insufficient for an intuitive understanding. Visualization of four-dimensional objects is possible through wire-frame methods with extended display signals, and through ray tracing methods. Both methods employ true four-space and geometry display parameters.

The ray tracing approach easily solves the hidden surface and shadow problems of 4D objects, and produces an image in the form of a three-dimensional field of RGB values that can be represented with a variety of existing methods. The 4D ray plotter also supports true three-dimensional illumination, reflections and refractions. Four-dimensional data visualization is usually done by assigning three dimensions to the location in three spaces and the remaining dimension to some scalar property in each three-dimensional location. This assignment is quite suitable for a variety of four-dimensional data, such as tissue density in a region of a human body, pressure values in an air volume or temperature distribution through a mechanical object

4D Vector display and display of Frustum
4D Vector display



The viewing angle is defined as for three-dimensional display, and is used to dimension one side of the parallelepiped projection; The other two sides are dimensioned to fit the dimensions of the projection-parallelepiped. For this work, the three dimensions of the parallelepiped projection are equal, so that the three viewing angles are equal.

ALPHORITMO DE TRAYECTORIA DE RAYOS:
Raytracing solves several problems of representation in a direct way, including hidden surfaces, shadows, reflection and refraction. In addition, raytracing is not limited to yielding polygonal meshes; He can handle any object that can be interrogated to find the point of intersection of a given ray with the surface of the object. This property is especially pleasing to represent four-dimensional objects, since many N-dimensional objects can be easily described with implicit equations

4D IMAGE CHANGE
For robust measurement of temporal morphological changes of the brain, a 4D image deformation mechanism may be used. Longitudinal stability is achieved by considering all the temporal MR images of an individual simultaneously in the image deformation, rather than individually folding a 3D template to an individual or deforming the images from one time point to those of another time point . In addition, image characteristics that are consistently recognized at all time points guide the deformation process, while spurious features that appear inconsistently at different time points are eliminated. This deformation strategy significantly improves the robustness in the detection of anatomical correspondences, thus producing smooth and accurate estimates of the longitudinal changes. The experimental results show the significant improvement of the 4D warp method on the previous 3D deformation method in the measurement of subtle longitudinal changes of the brain structures.

METHOD:
4D-HAMMER, involves the following two steps:

Rigid alignment of 3D images of a given theme acquired at different points of time, in order to produce a 4D image. 3D-HAMMER is used to establish correspondences between neighboring 3D images, and then to align an image (time t) with its previous time image (t-1) by means of a rigid transformation calculated from the established image Correspondences

reference:
http://projects-seminars.net/Thread-4d-v...pplication
http://www.ijritcc.org/download/conferen...5-2016.pdf
https://www.quora.com/How-can-one-visual...onal-space

Visualizable objects in biology and medicine extend across a wide range of scale, from individual molecules and cells through tissue varieties and interstitial interfaces to whole organs, organ systems, and body parts.

The practice of medicine and the study of biology have always been based on visualisations to study the relationship between anatomical structure and biological function and to detect and treat diseases and injuries that disturb or threaten the processes of normal life. Traditionally, these visualisations have been direct, through surgery or biopsy, or indirect, requiring extensive mental reconstruction. The potential for revolutionary innovation in medical practice and biological research lies in the direct, fully immersive, multi-sensory, real-time, real-time online data flow visualisation available during clinical procedures Real or biological experiments. In the field of scientific visualisation, the term "four-dimensional visualisation" generally refers to the process of representing a three-dimensional field of scalar values.

"4D" is the abbreviation for "four dimensions" - the fourth dimension is time. The 4D display takes three-dimensional images and adds the time element to the process. The revolutionary capabilities of the new three-dimensional (3-D) and four-dimensional (4-D) medical imaging modalities along with computerised reconstruction and multidimensional medical and histological volume imaging data avoid the need for physical dissection or Abstract assembly of Anatomy and provide new and potent opportunities for medical diagnosis and treatment as well as for biological investigations. In contrast to 3D diagnostic imaging processes, 4D allows the physician to visualise the internal anatomy by moving in real time. Thus, doctors and sonographers can detect or rule out any number of problems, from vascular anomalies and genetic syndromes. Time will reveal the importance of the 4d display.