download pdf file of to study and compare the internal resistance and e m f of diffre
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download pdf file of to study and compare the internal resistance and e m f of diffre
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A practical electric power source which is a linear electric circuit may, according to Thevenin's theorem, be represented as an ideal voltage source in series with an impedance. This impedance is called the internal resistance of the source. When the power supply delivers current, the measured voltage output is less than the voltage without load; the difference is the voltage drop (the product of current and resistance) caused by the internal resistance. The concept of internal resistance applies to all types of electrical sources and is useful for analyzing many types of electrical circuits.

A battery can be modeled as a voltage source in series with a resistance. In practice, the internal resistance of a battery depends on its size, chemical properties, age, temperature and discharge current. It has an electronic component due to the resistivity of the component materials and an ionic component due to electrochemical factors such as electrolytic conductivity, ionic mobility and the surface area of the electrode. Measuring the internal resistance of a battery is a guide to its condition, but may not be applied in other conditions than the test. Measurement with an alternating current, typically at a frequency of 1 kHz, may underestimate the resistance, since the frequency may be too high to account for slower electrochemical processes. The internal resistance depends on the temperature; for example, a new Energizer E91 AA alkaline primary battery drops from approximately 0.9 Ω to -40 ° C, when the low temperature reduces the mobility of the ions to approximately 0.15 Ω at room temperature and approximately 0.1 Ω at 40 ° C.

The internal resistance of a battery can be calculated from its open circuit voltage VNL, load voltage VFL and the load resistance RL:

[Image: 080a5ae30688d29639d5c38d3af69cc338e54815]

Many equivalent series (ESR) resistance meters, essentially AC millimeters that are normally used to measure ESR capacitors, can be used to estimate the internal resistance of the battery, particularly to check the discharge state of a battery rather than obtaining a precise DC value. Some chargers for rechargeable batteries indicate the ESR.

In use, the voltage across the terminals of a disposable battery that drives a charge decreases until it falls too low to be useful; this is mainly due to an increase in internal resistance rather than a drop in voltage from the equivalent source.

In rechargeable lithium polymer batteries, the internal resistance is largely independent of the charge state, but increases as the battery ages; therefore, is a good indicator of the expected life
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