DOT NET
#1

Presented by:
M.MOURYA

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Explain the concept of Asynchronous Programming in detail.
The .NET Framework allows you to call any method asynchronously. Define a delegate with the same signature as the method you want to call; the common language runtime automatically defines BeginInvoke and EndInvoke methods for this delegate, with the appropriate signatures.
The BeginInvoke method is used to initiate the asynchronous call. It has the same parameters as the method you want to execute asynchronously, plus two additional parameters that will be described later. BeginInvoke returns immediately and does not wait for the asynchronous call to complete. BeginInvoke returns an IasyncResult, which can be used to monitor the progress of the call.
The EndInvoke method is used to retrieve the results of the asynchronous call. It can be called any time after BeginInvoke; if the asynchronous call has not completed, EndInvoke will block until it completes. The parameters of EndInvoke include the out and ref parameters (<Out>ByRef and ByRef in Visual Basic) of the method you want to execute asynchronously, plus the IAsyncResult returned by BeginInvoke.
Note The IntelliSense feature in Visual Studio .NET displays the parameters of BeginInvoke and EndInvoke. If you are not using Visual Studio or a similar tool, or if you are using C# with Visual Studio .NET, see Asynchronous Method Signatures for a description of the parameters the runtime defines for these methods.
The code in this topic demonstrates four common ways to use BeginInvoke and EndInvoke to make asynchronous calls. After calling BeginInvoke you can:
Do some work and then call EndInvoke to block until the call completes.
Obtain a WaitHandle using IAsyncResult.AsyncWaitHandle, use its WaitOne method to block execution until the WaitHandle is signaled, and then call EndInvoke.
Poll the IAsyncResult returned by BeginInvoke to determine when the asynchronous call has completed, and then call EndInvoke.
Pass a delegate for a callback method to BeginInvoke. The method is executed on a ThreadPool thread when the asynchronous call completes, and can call EndInvoke.
All four samples use the same long-running test method, TestMethod. This method displays a console message to show that it has begun processing, sleeps for a few seconds, and then ends. TestMethod has an out parameter (<Out> ByRef in Visual Basic) to demonstrate the way such parameters are added to the signatures of BeginInvoke and EndInvoke. You can handle ref parameters (ByRef in Visual Basic) similarly.
The following code example shows TestMethod and the delegate that represents it; to use any of the samples, append the sample code to this code.
2. Define Thread and explain the concept of Multithreading.
One of the greatest understatements I've heard in a newsgroup was made by Patricia Shanahan, in a Java newsgroup in 2001: "Multi-threaded programming needs a little care." Multi-threading is probably one of the worst understood aspects of programming, and these days almost all application programmers need to understand it to some extent. This article acts as an introduction to multi-threading and gives some hints and tips for how to do it safely. Warning: I'm not an expert on the subject, and when the real experts start discussing it in detail, my head starts to spin somewhat. However, I've tried to pay attention to those who know what they're doing, and hopefully the contents of this article form at least part of a multi-threading "best practice".
This article uses the C# type shorthands throughout - int for Int32 etc. I hope this makes it easier for C# developers to read, and won't impede any other developers too much. It also only talks about the C# ways of declaring variables to be volatile and locking monitors. Developers using other languages can find the equivalents in their own preferred environment, I'm sure.
Introduction: What is multi-threading?
The fact that you're reading this article in the first place means you probably have at least some idea of what multi-threading is about: it's basically trying to do more than one thing at a time within a process.
So, what is a thread? A thread (or "thread of execution") is a sort of context in which code is running. Any one thread follows program flow for wherever it is in the code, in the obvious way. Before multi-threading, effectively there was always one thread running for each process in an operating system (and in many systems, there was only one process running anyway). If you think of processes running in parallel in an operating system (e.g. a browser downloading a file and a word processor allowing you to type, both "at the same time"), then apply the same kind of thinking within a single process, that's a reasonable way to visualise threading.
Multi-threading can occur in a "real" sense, in that a multi-processor box may have more than one processor executing instructions for a particular process at a time, or it may be effectively "simulated" by multiple threads executing in sequence: first some code for thread 1 is executed, then some code for thread 2, then back to thread 1 etc. In this situation, if both thread 1 and thread 2 are "compute bound" (all they're doing is computation, without waiting for any input from the network, or file system, or user etc) then that won't actually speed things up at all - in fact, it'll slow things down as the operating system has to switch between threads, and the memory cache probably won't be as effective. However, much of today's computing involves waiting for something to happen, and during that time the processor can be doing something else. Intel's "Hyper-Threading" technology which is on some of its more recent chips (bearing in mind that this article was written in early 2004!) is a sort of hybrid between this "real" and "simulated" threading - for more information, see Intel's web page on the subject.
How does multi-threading work in .NET?
.NET has been designed from the start to support multi-threaded operation. There are two main ways of multi-threading which .NET encourages: starting your own threads with ThreadStart delegates, and using the ThreadPool class either directly (using ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem) or indirectly using asynchronous methods (such as Stream.BeginRead, or calling BeginInvoke on any delegate).
In general, you should create a new thread "manually" for long-running tasks, and use the thread pool only for brief jobs. The thread pool can only run so many jobs at once, and some framework classes use it internally, so you don't want to block it with a lot of tasks which need to block for other things. The examples in this article mostly use manual thread creation. On the other hand, for short-running tasks, particularly those created often, the thread pool is an excellent choice.
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#2
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.NET TECHNOLOGY
* ABSTRACT :

The .NET is a set of Microsoft software technologies for connecting your world of information , people , systems, & devices. Based on XML ,this platform will help e-businesses earn revenues and help the world move towards a digital economy , and Microsoft has been extensively working with the industry to develop standards like SOAP and UDDI , The XML web services search directory that exist today. The .net platform can be considered as a collection of three components:
1. A programming Environment
2. A set of Enterprise servers that support this platform
3. An architectural vision that describes how a software should be designed , developed. and deployed.
Microsoft’s .NET has to offer software developers by analyzing the latest developments that have
taken place in this platform like ,
ASP.NET
VS.NET
WINDOWS CE.NET
The .NET Enterprise servers are Microsoft’s comprehensive family of server applications for building , deploying , and managing scalable , integrated ,web-based solutions.
The .NET enterprise servers include the following:
Application Center 2000
Commerce Server 2000
Host Integration Server 2000
Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA)Server 2000
Mobile Information Server
SQL Server 2000
* INTRODUCTION :-
.NET is an advance new generation of software environment bonds computing and communications , enabling developers , businesses ans consumers to harness technology on their terms . .NET is a key to next generation Internet .It offers a way to unlock information so that it can be organized , programmed and edited .
Microsoft’s .NET offering comprises three elements :
The .NET platform
The .NET production services
Third party .NET services
The .NET platform is Microsoft latest strategy for developing software ,Web applications or web services that allow various small applications to integrate with each other , and connect with other systems and devices in order to create a virtual world of information . The entire .NET platform uses eXtended Markup Language (XML) in it’s score.
This platform is primarily about the internet and the way it works . Currently what you are Witnessing is the second phase of the Internet , where the focus is on generating revenue for a business through simple transaction over the web.
The .NET products and services from Microsoft too will be available through subscription over the Internet . These are used as standalone products or as services that can be incorporated into other products. And , like all other Microsoft products and technologies , the success of Microsoft’s. NET Initiative rides largely on support from .NET services developed by the vast range of partners and Developers .These corporate and vertical third party services built on the .NET platform are what will truly take .NET ahead. .NET aims drives the next generation Internet,making information really available anytime, anywhere and on any device . To develop a complete application or a service you need a programming environment. .NET framework is the programming platform that you use to develop a .NET application or a service.
The Microsoft .NET Framework is an important new component of the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems. It is the foundation of next generation of Window based application that are easier to build , deploy , and integrate with other networked systems.
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#3
Submitted by
Miss. Sonali S. Chakkarwar

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ABSTRACT
The .NET platform is latest strategy for developing software, web application, or Web services that allows various small application to integrate with each other, and connect with other system and devices in order to create virtual world of information.
The entire .NET uses XML in its core. According to Microsoft “The .NET is a set of software technologies for connecting world of information, people, system and devices via Internet".
The .NET platform can be considered as collection of three components: a programming environment (a .NET Framework), a set of enterprise servers that support this platform and an architectural vision that describes how a software or service should be designed, developed and deployed.
In the .NET framework, type safety enforced on the code to prevent runtime errors or application crashes. So .NET helps E- businesses to increase their revenue [3].
1. INTRODUCTION
Adapting to change has always been important to business success. In today's business environment, staying ahead means continuously adapting to change—and making change work in your favour.
There is a growing consensus in the industry that the way to create this kind of adaptive, agile IT architecture is through Web services—discrete units of software that inter-operate, based on industry-standard protocols, across platforms and programming languages.
Microsoft's offering for Web service–based connectivity is Microsoft .NET. Microsoft .NET is software for connecting people, information, systems, and devices. These services include end-to-end support for Web services, including server software to host them, developer tools to create them, applications and smart clients to use them, and a network of partners that can help businesses of any size implement solutions based on .NET. Information that once was isolated in back-end systems is now available to every employee [8].
Web service–based connectivity through Microsoft .NET offers businesses a flexible, responsive IT architecture that empowers them to reach their potential. The .NET consist of:

• The .Net Framework - a programming platform consisting of Common Language Runtime (CLR), .NET Framework class library and ASP.net.
• The .NET Enterprise Servers - family of server application for building deploying and managing integrated, scalable Web-Based solutions, based on XML.
• Architectural vision - that describes how a software or service should be designed developed and deployed.
• Developer tools - such as Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003 which provides an integrated development environment (IDE) for maximising developer productivity with the .NET Framework.
• Client software - such as Windows XP, Windows CE, and Microsoft Office XP, that helps developers deliver a deep and compelling user experience across a family of devices and existing products.
• XML based web services - a core set Web services—from authentication to calendering that can be combined with other Web services or used directly with smart client applications.
So .NET technology has enabled early adopters to shorten time to market, speed development, and streamline services, connect with customers, and gain a competitive edge [7].
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#4
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Introduction to the Microsoft .NET Framework
What is the .NET Framework

A new computing platform designed to simplify application development
A consistent object-oriented programming environment
A code-execution environment that:
Minimizes software deployment and versioning conflicts
Eliminates the performance problems of scripted or interpreted environments
Primary Components of .NET
.NET Framework Class Libraries
Object-oriented collection of reusable types
Sits on-top of the Common Language Runtime
Common Language Runtime (CLR)
Manages code execution at runtime
Memory management, thread management, etc.
Code designed for the CLR is referred to as “Managed Code”
Inside the .NET Framework
One Runtime For Many Languages
CLR is an open standard
Any language can make use of CLR services
Any language can use classes written in any other language
Any language can inherit classes written in any other language
Current List of Language Compilers
.NET Framework Class Libraries
Sit on top of the CLR
Reusable types that tightly integrate with the CLR
Object oriented – inheritance, polymorphism, etc.
Provide functionality for ASP.NET, XML Web Services, ADO.NET, Windows Forms, basic system functionality (IO, XML, etc.)
The Common Language Runtime
Code that targets the CLR is referred to as managed code
All managed code has the features of the CLR
Object Oriented
Cross-language integration
Cross language exception handling
Multiple version support (no more DLL Hell)
The Common Language Runtime
The CLR manages object layout and references to objects
Objects whose lifetimes are managed by the CLR are referred to as Managed Data
Automatic memory management reduces memory leaks
In managed code you can use:
Managed Data
Unmanaged data
Both
The Common Language Runtime
All CLR-compliant compilers use a common type system
Allows for cross-language inheritance
Passing object instances across language barriers
Invoking methods across language barriers
Managed components expose metadata
Metadata includes
Resources component was compiled against
Information about types and dependencies (no more RegServ32)
Managed Execution Process
Microsoft Intermediate Language
Managed code is compiled to MSIL
CPU-independent set of instructions
Loading, storing, initializing and calling methods
Arithmetic and logical operations, etc.
Control flow, exception handling, direct memory access
Just-In-Time Compiling
Assemblies are compiled to native code by a Just-In-Time compiler (JITer)
Compiled assemblies include metadata
No Type Libraries or Interface Definition Language (IDL)
Compilation And Execution
Just-In-Time Compiling
All assemblies must be compiled to native code before executing
JIT compilers are built into the CLR for every supported CPU architecture
JIT compilers convert MSIL to native on demand
Resulting native code is stored for reuse
JIT compiling occurs for each method after the application is restarted
Summary
.NET Framework is a code execution platform
.NET Framework consists of two primary parts: .NET Class Libraries, Common Language Runtime
All CLR-compliant compilers support the common type system
Managed code is object oriented
Managed code is compiled to an assembly (MSIL) by language specific compiler
Assemblies are compiled to native code by JIT compiler
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#5

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