Digital Image Basics
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Digital Image Basics


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Introduction

When using digital equipment to capture, store, modify and view photographic
images, they must first be converted to a set of numbers in a process called digitization
or scanning. Computers are very good at storing and manipulating numbers, so
once your image has been digitized you can use your computer to archive, examine,
alter, display, transmit, or print your photographs in an incredible variety of ways.

Pixels and Bitmaps

Digital images are composed of pixels (short for picture elements). Each pixel represents
the color (or gray level for black and white photos) at a single point in the
image, so a pixel is like a tiny dot of a particular color. By measuring the color of an
image at a large number of points, we can create a digital approximation of the image
from which a copy of the original can be reconstructed. Pixels are a little like grain
particles in a conventional photographic image, but arranged in a regular pattern of
rows and columns and store information somewhat differently. A digital image is a
rectangular array of pixels sometimes called a bitmap.

Types of Digital Images

For photographic purposes, there are two important types of digital images—color
and black and white. Color images are made up of colored pixels while black and
white images are made of pixels in different shades of gray.

Black and White Images

A black and white image is made up of pixels each of which holds a single number
corresponding to the gray level of the image at a particular location. These gray levels
span the full range from black to white in a series of very fine steps, normally
256 different grays. Since the eye can barely distinguish about 200 different gray
levels, this is enough to give the illusion of a stepless tonal scale as illustrated
below:

Color Images

A color image is made up of pixels each of which holds three numbers corresponding
to the red, green, and blue levels of the image at a particular location. Red,
green, and blue (sometimes referred to as RGB) are the primary colors for mixing
light—these so-called additive primary colors are different from the subtractive primary
colors used for mixing paints (cyan, magenta, and yellow). Any color can be
created by mixing the correct amounts of red, green, and blue light. Assuming 256
levels for each primary, each color pixel can be stored in three bytes (24 bits) of
memory. This corresponds to roughly 16.7 million different possible colors.
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