Abstract
Sensor networks have a lot of applications in our daily life, in medicine, biology,
and in the military. This essay will introduce the design and analysis of
hybrid indirect transmissions (HIT) for data gathering, and the modeling and
analyzing of the impact of location inconsistencies on geographic routing in the
sensor networks. This essay will show that HIT is based on hybrid architecture
that consist of one or more clusters, and how it can save energy in sensor network,
also how is the effect of location inaccuracy on the geographic routing in
the sensor networks.
1 introduction
Sensor networks have improved themselves in the world of technical in the last several
years. Most of the new research in wireless networks searching in problems of energy
saving in data gathering, and location inaccuracy, but what is the definition of data
gathering; Sensor networks consisting of nodes with limited battery power and wireless
communications are deployed to collect useful information from the field. Gathering
sensed information in an energy efficient manner is critical to operating the sensor
network for a long period of time. A data collection problem is defined where, in a
round of communication, each sensor node has a packet to be sent to the distant base
station. There is some fixed amount of energy cost in the electronics when transmitting
or receiving a packet and a variable cost when transmitting a packet which depends
on the distance of transmission. If each node transmits its sensed data directly to the
base station, then it will deplete its power quickly, this is the base of thinking of HIT.
1
In the side of location inaccuracy; Sensor nodes have to be aware of their location
to be able to specify ”where” a certain event takes place. Therefore, the problem of
localizing the sensors is of paramount importance for many classes of sensor network
applications.
As a small description of a sensor network, A wireless sensor network consists of a number
of sensors spread across a geographical area. Each sensor has wireless communication
capability and some level of intelligence for signal processing and networking of the
data. Some examples of wireless sensor networks are the following1):Military sensor
networks to detect and gain as much information as possible about enemy movements,
explosions, and other phenomena of interest [3].(2):Sensor networks to detect and characterize
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) attacks
and material[4].(3):Sensor networks to detect and monitor environmental changes in
plains, forests, oceans, etc [5].(4):Wireless traffic sensor networks to monitor vehicle
traffic on highways or in congested parts of a city.(5):Wireless surveillance sensor networks
for providing security in shopping malls, parking garages, and other facilities[5].
HIT is one of the research results in this area, and also the effect of contradiction on
the geographic routing. The rest of this Essay is organized as follows. In section 2,
Backgrounds where the Essay defines the basics models that HIT is based on, and the
four inaccuracy metric. In section 3, presents HIT as an approach in data gathering.
A study for location inaccuracy will be presented in section 4.In section 5, there will
be some Potential directions and outlook. References, where this Essay based on will
be delivered in section 6.
2 Backgrounds
In this section,this Essay presents the basic models for HIT, starting with data delivery
model, throw radio model, and parallel transmission, also a classification for location
inaccuracy, starting with absolute location inconsistency, and ending with relative
distance inconsistency.
2.1 Basic Models for Data Gathering
Here is a small definition of each model underlying HIT. The classification of sensor networks depend on the way of data delivery.
2.1.1 Data Delivery Model
the proposed HIT is based on a continuous model of sensor network, which assume that the nodes have always data to transmit, and the data are always sent. It also should be in consider; that the the flow of data packets between the nodes and the
observer; this is a routing problem subject to the network protocol. The proposed
HIT is using a data aggregation techniques, and reduce the overhead of a broadcast
approach for the flow of data from the nodes to the observer. the advantage of this
it doesn’t depend on a complex network layer protocol for flow chart, addressing, and
location management.

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