conclusion of multivibrator
#1

sir i have done a project report on multivibrator trainer kit using ic 555. give me conclusion for my project. i have made all 3 types of multivibrator on a singl kit.
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#2

A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state devices such as relaxation oscillators, timers, and flip-flops. It consists of two amplifier devices (transistors, vacuum tubes or other devices) coupled together by resistors or capacitors. The first multivibrator circuit, the astable multivibrator oscillator, was invented by Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch during the First World War. They called their circuit a "multivibrator" because their output waveform was rich in harmonics.


Multivibrators find applications in a variety of systems where square waves or timed intervals are required. For example, before the advent of low-cost integrated circuits, multivibrator chains were found to be used as frequency dividers. A free-running multivibrator with a frequency of one-half to one-tenth of the reference frequency would be accurately blocked at the reference frequency. This technique was used in the first electronic organs, to maintain notes of different octaves with precision in tuning. Other applications included early television systems, where the various line and frame frequencies were kept synchronized by pulses included in the video signal.

An astable multivibrator consists of two amplification stages connected in a positive feedback loop by two capacitive-resistive coupling networks. The amplifier elements may be bonding or field-effect transistors, vacuum tubes, operational amplifiers, or other types of amplifiers.

The circuit is generally drawn in a symmetrical form as a cross coupled pair. The two output terminals can be defined in the active devices and have complementary states. One has high voltage while the other has low voltage, except during brief transitions from one state to the other.
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