computer hardware notes in marathi pdf free download
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Operating Systems Overview
An operating system is a software component of a computer system that is responsible for the management of various activities of the computer and the sharing of computer resources. It hosts the several applications that run on a computer and handles theoperations of computer hardware. Users and application programs access the servicesoffered by the operating systems, by means of system calls and application programminginterfaces. Users interact with operating systems through Command Line Interfaces (CLIs)or Graphical User Interfaces known as GUIs. In short, operating system enables user interaction with computer systems by acting as an interface between users or applicationprograms and the computer hardware. Here is an overview of the different types of operating systems.
Real-time Operating System:
It is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time applications. Real-timeoperating systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve adeterministic nature of behavior. The main object of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to events. They either have an event-driven or a time-sharing design. An event-driven system switches between tasks based of their prioritieswhile time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
Multi-user and Single-user Operating Systems:
The operating systems of this type allow a multiple users to access a computer systemconcurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable amultiple user access to a computer through the sharing of time. Single-user operatingsystems, as opposed to a multi-user operating system, are usable by a single user at atime. Being able to have multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not makeit a multi-user system. Rather, only the network administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating system, it is possible for two users to login at a time and this capability of theOS makes it a multi-user operating system.
Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems:
When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking system, while in case the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks atone time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of twotypes namely, pre-emptive or co-operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operatingsystem slices the CPU time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-likeoperating systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking. Cooperativemultitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the other processes in adefined manner. MS Windows prior to Windows 95 used to support cooperativemultitasking.
Emkay, SRGPTC, ThriprayarPage 2


Examples of Operating Systems
1. Disk Operating System (DOS)DOS (Disk Operating System) was the first widely-installed operating system for personalcomputers. It is a master control program that is automatically run when you start your PC.DOS stays in the computer all the time letting you run a program and manage files. It is asingle-user operating system from Microsoft for the PC. It was the first OS for the PC and isthe underlying control program for Windows 3.1, 95, 98 and ME. Windows NT, 2000 and XPemulate DOS in order to support existing DOS applications. To use DOS, you must knowwhere your programs and data are stored and how to talk to DOS.2.UNIXUNIX is Multi-user Operating System. The UNIX environment and the client/server programmodel were important elements in the development of the Internet and the reshaping of computing as centered in networks rather than in individual computers. UNIX is written in C.Both UNIX and C were developed by AT&T and freely distributed to government andacademic institutions.3. LinuxLinux is an operating system that was initially created as a hobby by a young student, LinusTorvalds, at the University of Helsinki in Finland. He began his work in 1991 when hereleased version 0.02 and worked steadily until 1994 when version 1.0 of the Linux Kernelwas released. The kernel, at the heart of all Linux systems, is developed and releasedunder theGNU General Public License and its source code is freely available to everyone.The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source softwarecollaboration; typically all the underlyingsource codecan be used, freely modified,and redistributed, both commercially and non-commercially, by anyone under licenses suchas theGNU General Public License.4. W
INDOWS
Windows is first introduced as a personal computer operating system from Microsoft that,together with some commonly used business applications such as Microsoft Word andExcel, has become a de facto "standard" for individual users in most corporations as well asin most homes. However, Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000 and XP are complicatedoperating environments. Certain combinations of hardware and software running together can cause problems, and troubleshooting can be daunting. Each new version of Windowshas interface changes that constantly confuse users and keep support people busy, andInstalling Windows applications is problematic too. Microsoft has worked hard to makeWindows 2000 and Windows XP more resilient to installation problems and crashes ingeneral
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