Communication through submarine cables
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By: VIVEK SINGH
B.Tech VIIth Sem
Information Technology



Introduction
History
Technology
Installation & repair
International cable protection committee
Submarine cable owners – Global networks
Submarine cable owners – Regional networks
Benefits
Advances
Conclusion

History


Telegraph cable
Era of submarine cables
1st laid b/w England and France (Aug. 1850)
1852, linked London to Paris for 1st time
TAT-1 1st transatlantic telephone cable Scotland & Newfoundland in (Sep 1956)

Technology

Electromagnetic issues
Mirror galvanometer
Coaxial cable
Frequency division multiplexing
Reliability
Repeaters
Fiber optics
Wavelength division methods

Installation & Repair


Cable installation should be well planned to minimized problems.
Specialized ships using differential global positioning system(DGPS) carry out installation.
Remote operated vehicle(ROV) suitable for deep sea oceans operations.
Having speed of 15km/hr.
Most of the damage due to fishing & ship anchor.
Repair of cable in remote area is expensive


The International Cable Protection Committee. (ICPC)

Safeguarding against human and natural hazards.
formulating new treaties to protect cable.
Co- operation with fishing,oil&gas industries.
Providing relevant information to cable industries to maintain necessary standard.
Committee funds project & programmes which are beneficial for the protection of cables.


Submarine System Owners – Global Networks
FLAG / Reliance
Reliance Group purchased FLAG for $207 million in 2004
Planning $1.5 billion, 36-month buildout financed by LSE IPO
VSNL
Tata Group purchased Tyco Global Network for $130 million in 2004
Also purchased Teleglobe in 2006 for $239 million
Upgrading VSNL Transpacific to 1 Tbps, considering I-ME-WE and Asian regional network
Global Crossing
Singapore Technologies Telemedia acquired approx. 60% for $450 million in 2003
Other shareholders now include Carlos Slim, Fidelity, Dupont

Submarine Systems Owners – Regional Networks

Asia Netcom / Connect Holdings
Ashmore Investment Management, Spinnaker Capital, and Clearwater Capital Partners paid $233 million for EAC in mid-2006: same team acquired C2C
Reach
Others
Telecom Italia (Med Nautilus)
Columbus Communications (Arcos)
Columbia Ventures (Hibernia)
Pacific Crossing
Level 3


Benefits
Enhanced diversity
Better connectivity
Ultimate capacity of 120gbps
On-line education ,healthcare, family welfare etc. will get big boost

Advances
Development of optical amplifier
Extraordinary speed( rises from 2.8Mbit/s to 8.4Tbit/s)
Broadband & lossless communication
Faster access

Importance of submarine cable
As of 2006, overseas satellite links accounted for only 1 percent of international traffic, while the remainder was carried by undersea cable.
The reliability of submarine cables is high, especially, when multiple paths are available in the event of a cable break.
Also, the total carrying capacity of submarine cables is in the terabits per second while satellites typically offer only megabits per second

Conclusion
Submarine cable increases the performance in efficient and effective way in terms of speed , connection and fast access.

As a result of these cables' cost and usefulness they are highly valued not only by the corporations building and operating them for profit, but also by national governments.




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