code for power factor calculation for embedded systems
#1

Hello I would like to get details on code for power factor calculations for emebedded systems.
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#2

Power factor measurement using pic microcontroller project is design to measure power factor with the help of pic microcontroller and displays it to LCD.Improvements can be done in this project by adding functionality of automatic power factor correction using capacitors. Afer reading this article, you will be able to answer following questions?

What is power factor?
Why we need of power factor correction?
How to improve power factor?
Advantages of power factor improvement?
Power factor measurement using pic microcontroller.
Automatic power factor correction using pic microcontroller.
Page Contents [hide]



1 What is power factor?
2 Why we need to improve power factor?
3 How to improve power factor:
4 Advantages of power factor improvement?
5 Power factor measurement using pic microcontroller:
5.1 What is zero crossing detection?
6 How to measure time difference two wave for power factor measurement:
6.1 How to find angel using time difference:
7 Power factor measurement circuit using pic microcontroller:
7.1 List of components for power measurement circuit:
What is power factor?
Let’s start with basic introduction of power factor. Power factor is basically a ration of real power absorbed by electrical circuit to total appearent power consumed by electrical circuit. In other words, power factor is a ratio of real power and appearent power. Many inductive loads are used in power system. Inductive loads need reactive power for their proper operation. So main cause of power factor in electrical power system is reactance. Capacitors provide reactive power. In other words, capacitors generate reactive power and inductors consume reactive power.

Why we need to improve power factor?
Reactive power is basically a burn on power system and transmission lines. Reactive power travel back and forth from power generation point to load and hence a lost of electrical energy. Now a days inductive loads are used in domestic as well as industrial applications. Low power factor cause losses in transmission line and voltage drops in transmission lines. Need of electrical power is increasing day by day, so can’t afford to waste power in transmission line. Therefore we need to improve power factor of electrical power system and loads. By providing reactive power locally at the load side, we can increase power factor of system and power factor of machines. Hence Power factor improvement is local issue. As I have already mentioned, capacitors are source of reactive power. So capacitors can be used to improve power factor or to provide reactive power to load locally instead of from power generations ends.

How to improve power factor:
Before understanding what is power factor? Let me tell you what is good power factor? Unity is ideal power factor. Resistive loads have unity power factor. But all electrical loads are not fully resistive. Therefore we need to improve power factor of these load. Power factor can be increased by adding power factor correction capacitor to loads. Capacitors provide reactive power to load locally . There are many methods have been developed for power factor improvement. But in this article, you will learn about power factor measurement and correction using microcontroller.

Advantages of power factor improvement?
Major advantages of power factor improvement are given below:

It reduces the losses in transmission lines and cables
It reduces the voltage drop in transmission lines and cables
It reduces the burden on power generation utility companies
Power factor measurement using pic microcontroller:
Power factor is basically due to lag and lead concept of current and voltage. When current waveform lags behinds the voltage by some angle, power factor will be lagging and when current wave form leads the voltage by some angle, power factor will be leading. Inductor causes a lagging power factor and capacitors produces leading power factor. Hence capacitors improve power factor by providing leading VARS or reactive power to system which cancels the lagging power factor effect of inductors.

Now the question is how to measure power factor using microcontroller? To measure power factor we need to measure phase angle difference between voltage and current wave form. The cosine of this phase angle is power factor. Power factor is also represented by following formula:

Power factor = Cos (θ)

Where θ is basically phase angle difference between voltage and current wave form. So we need to develop a method to measure phase angle difference between voltage and current wave form. I have used zero crossing detection concept to measure time difference between current and voltage wave form. Time difference between two signal or waves can also be used to measure power factor. I will discuss more about it in later part of this article. Now let’s proceed further with zero crossing detection?

What is zero crossing detection?
Zero crossing detection is used to detect sine wave zero crossing from positive half cycle to negative half cycle or negative half cycle. To measure time difference between two waves we need to detect zero crossing of two waves. There are many methods available to measure zero crossing detection. But I have already posted an article on zero crossing detection using pic microcontroller. I have explained zero crossing detection concept in following article. So I recommend you to read following article first before reading further.

How to detect zero crossing using pic microcontroller

I assume that After reading an article on zero crossing detection, you got the idea about how to detect zero crossing of sine waves using pic microcontroller. In zero power factor measurement circuit, two zero crossing detection circuits are used. One for voltage wave form and other for current wave form. After detecting zero crossing for voltage wave and sine wave we need to measure time difference between zero crossing of voltage and current wave forms.


Category,Reference,Value,Order Code
Resistors,"R1",2k,
Resistors,"R2",4k,
Resistors,"R3",4k,
Resistors,"R4",4k,
Resistors,"R5",4k,
Integrated Circuits,"U1",PIC16F877A,
Integrated Circuits,"U2",LM358,
Miscellaneous,"AC SOURCE",,
Miscellaneous,"CURRENT TRANSFORMER" It can be wind according to requirement,
Miscellaneous,"POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER" 220V AC to 12V AC step down transformer,
Liquid crystal display: ,"LCD1",LM016L,
Variable resistor: ,"RV1",10k,
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