Hi i would like to get details on recent advances in histopathology 24 free download ..
Posts: 14,118
Threads: 61
Joined: Oct 2014
Histopathology (composed of three Greek words: ἱστός histos "tissue", πάθος pathos "suffering" and -λογία -logia "study") refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of the disease. Specifically, in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or a surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the sample has been processed and the histological sections have been placed on glass slides. In contrast, cytopathology examines free cells or tissue fragments.
The histopathological examination of the tissues begins with surgery, biopsy or autopsy. The tissue is removed from the body or plant, and then ... often after the dissection of experts in fresh condition ... placed in a fixative that stabilizes the tissues to prevent decay. The most common fixative is formalin (10% neutral buffered formaldehyde in water).
The tissue is then prepared for visualization under a microscope using chemical fixation or frozen section. If a large sample is provided, eg. From a surgical procedure then a pathologist looks at the tissue sample and selects the most likely part of giving a useful and accurate diagnosis - this part is removed for examination in a process commonly known as collection or cutting. Larger samples are cut to correctly position their anatomical structures in the cassette. This is then placed in a plastic cassette for most of the rest of the process.
The most commonly used staining in histopathology is a combination of hematoxylin and eosin (often abbreviated H & E). Hematoxylin is used to stain blue nuclei, while eosin stains the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix of pink connective tissue. There are hundreds of various other techniques that have been used to selectively stain cells. Other compounds used to color sections of tissue include safranin, O red oil, congo red, silver salts and artificial colorings. Histochemistry refers to the science of using chemical reactions between laboratory chemicals and components within tissue. A commonly performed histochemical technique is the Prussian blue reaction of Perls, used to demonstrate iron deposits in diseases such as hemochromatosis.
Recently, antibodies have been used to stain proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in particular. Called immunohistochemistry, this technique has greatly increased the ability to specifically identify categories of cells under a microscope. Other advanced techniques include in situ hybridization to identify specific DNA or RNA molecules. These antibody staining methods often require the use of frozen section histology. These previous procedures are also carried out in the laboratory under scrutiny and precision by a trained specialist. Histoscientist Digital cameras are increasingly used to capture histopathological images.