COACS: A Cooperative and Adaptive Caching System for MANETs
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Abstract
This paper introduces a cooperation-based database caching system for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). The heart ofthe system is the nodes that cache submitted queries. The queries are used as indexes to data cached in nodes that previouslyrequested them. We discuss how the system is formed and how the requested data is found if cached or retrieved from the externaldatabase and then cached. Analysis is performed, and expressions are derived for the different parameters, including the upper andlower bounds for the number of query caching nodes and the average load they experience, generated network traffic, node bandwidthconsumption, and other performance-related measures. Simulations with the ns-2 software were used to study the performance of thesystem in terms of average delay and hit ratio and to compare it with the performance of two other caching schemes for MANETs,namely, CachePath and CacheData. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system in terms of achieved hit ratioand low delay.
Index Terms—Cache management, distributed cache, mobile ad hoc networks, cache indexing, mobility, database queries.
1 INTRODUCTION
AS Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are becomingincreasingly widespread, the need for developingmethods to improve their performance and reliabilityincreases. One of the biggest challenges in MANETs liesin the creation of efficient routing techniques [6], but to beuseful for applications that demand collaboration, effectivealgorithms are needed to handle the acquisition andmanagement of data in the highly dynamic environmentsof MANETs.In many scenarios, mobile devices (nodes) may bespread over a large area in which access to external datais achieved through one or more access points (APs).However, not all nodes have a direct page link with these APs.Instead, they depend on other nodes that act as routers toreach them. In certain situations, the APs may be located atthe extremities of the MANET, where reaching them couldbe costly in terms of delay, power consumption, andbandwidth utilization. Additionally, the AP may connectto a costly resource (e.g., a satellite link) or an externalnetwork that is susceptible to intrusion. For such reasonsand others dealing with data availability and response time,caching data in MANETs is a topic that deserves attention.MANETs are dynamic in nature, and therefore, a reliablecaching scheme is more difficult to achieve. Links betweennodes may constantly change as nodes move around, enter, or leave the network. This can make storing and retrievingcached data particularly difficult and unreliable. The use ofmobile devices adds even more complexity due to theirrelatively limited computing resources (e.g., processingpower and storage capacity) and limited battery life. Itfollows that an effective caching system for MANETs needsto provide a solution that takes all of these issues intoconsideration. An important policy of such a solution is notto rely on a single node but to distribute cache data anddecision points across the network. With distribution,however, comes a new set of challenges. The mostimportant of which is the coordination among the variousnodes that is needed in order to store and find data.A preliminary system was proposed in [2] to cachedatabase responses to queries in given nodes and uses thequeries as indexes to the responses. This paper builds onthe same general idea but introduces several significantchanges at the design level, in addition to elaborate studiesand simulations that were made to examine the system andprove its usefulness. Briefly, the architecture of theproposed system is more flat when compared to the onein [2] (a review of this system is given at the end ofSection 2), as it eliminates the role of the service manager,which is responsible for performing management duties,and instead distributes such duties to the nodes that willperform the low-level functions themselves. In short, theaim of the proposed framework is to provide efficient andreliable caching in MANET environments.The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2,a survey of related work is given, followed by Section 3,which describes the proposed system. Section 4 provides ananalysis and derives expressions for the system parametersand performance measures. Section 5 is dedicated todescribing the simulation experiments and discussing theresults.


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