I want to know about child labour laws and its implementation and consequences

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Child labour is the practice of involving children in part-time or part-time economic activity. The practice deprives children of their childhood and is detrimental to their physical and mental development. Poverty, lack of good schools and growth of the informal economy are considered the main causes of child labour in India.
The 1998 Indian National Census estimated that the total number of working children aged 4 to 15 was 12.6 million, out of a total child population of 253 million in the 5 to 14 age group. However, in 2009-10 a nationwide survey found that the prevalence of child labour had dropped to 4.98 million children (or less than 2% of children aged 5 to 14). The 2011 Indian National Census found that the total number of working children aged 5 to 14 was 4.35 million and the total child population of 259.64 million in that age group. The problem of child labour is not unique to India; Around the world, about 217 million children work, many full time.

Indian law specifically defines 64 industries as dangerous and it is a criminal offence to employ children in such dangerous industries. In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child labourers, or about 120,000 children in India, were in hazardous work. In particular, the Constitution of India prohibits child labour in hazardous industries (but not in non-hazardous industries) as a fundamental right under article 24. UNICEF estimates that India with its largest population has the highest number of Workers under 14 While sub-Saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children deployed as working children. The International Labour Organisation estimates that agriculture, with 60 per cent, is the largest employer of child labour in the world,  while the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations estimates that 70% Of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities. Outside agriculture, child labour is observed in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy.

Companies like Gap, Primark, Monsanto have been criticised for child labour in their products. Companies claim they have strict anti-child product policies, but there are many links in a supply chain that makes it difficult to supervise everyone. In 2011, after three years of Primark's efforts, the BBC acknowledged that its award-winning investigative journalism report on the use of Indian child labour by Primark was false. In December 2014, the United States Department of Labour issued a Schedule of Goods Produced for Child Labour or Forced Labour, and India ranks among 74 countries where a significant incidence of critical working conditions has been observed. Unlike any other country, 23 goods were attributed to India, most of which are produced by child labour in the manufacturing sector. In addition to the constitutional prohibition of hazardous child labour, a number of laws in India, such as the Juvenile Children's Care and Protection Act of 2000 and the Child Labour Act of 1986 (prohibition and abolition) provide a basis To identify, prosecute and stop child labour in India.


Important actions to combat the problem of child labour

a. Minimum Wage Act, 1948: Establishes the fixing of the minimum rate of time for wages by the state government. It also includes the fixing of a part-time minimum wage, time rates guaranteed by wages for different occupations and localities or class of work and adults, adolescents, children and apprentices. The act is aimed at occupations, which are less organised and more difficult to regulate ... where there is much room for the exploitation of labour.

b. The Plantation Labour Law: The employment of children between the ages of 12 years is prohibited under the Law. However, the law allows the use of the child over 12 years only in a certificate of the aptitude of the designated surgeon.

c. The Mining Act of 1952 provides that no child may be employed in any of the mines nor shall any child be allowed to be present in any part of the mine that is under the ground or in any openwork in which Mining operations are carried out in.

d. . The Merchant Marine Act of 1958: The law prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14 on a ship, except an instructing vessel, home vessel or a vessel in which other family members work. It also prohibits the employment of young people under 18 as trimmers and firemen except under certain specific conditions.

e. The Learning Act of 1961 states that no person shall be qualified to be hired as an apprentice to undergo apprenticeship training in any designated trade unless he is 14 years of age and meets the standards of education and physical fitness that may be prescribed.
However, throughout the world, millions of children do extremely dangerous work in harmful conditions, endangering their health, education, personal and social development, and even their lives. Here are some of the circumstances they face:
• Full-time work at a very young age
• Dangerous workplaces
• Excess working hours
• Subject to psychological, verbal, physical and sexual abuse
• Forced to work for circumstances or people
• Limited or no payment
• Work and life on the streets in poor conditions
• Inability to escape the cycle of poverty - no access to education