brake pad technology
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The history of brake pad technology
Wood Brake pads
Often splintered wood
Wood would not adhere to contact surface if burnt by heat
Used on wagons of the west
Would wear down tires on automobiles.
VERY EASY AND CHEAP
Brakes of the 20th century
Initial copper brake pads
Stopping distance better than wood
Harder to make
Lasted longer than wood
Current brake pad technology
Composed of a variety of materials
Copper, aluminum, ceramic compounds
Kevlar, polymers, resins, carbon fiber, other fillers
Broad range of applications
Racing
High load
Daily Use
Brake Pad Composition
Ceramic brake composition
Brake pad compression analysis
Heated organic ceramic pads @ 300C for 2,4,and 8 minutes with 1 control pad.
Compressed pads with Tinius Olsen Materials testing machine.
Results of Compression
I’ll tell you what it could mean!
The unheated pad showed its ability to give with the compression of the machine, no heat means the materials inside do not fuse together.
The two minute pad BARELY compressed, perhaps due to the composition and heat reactivity of the materials inside.
The four and eight minute pads could have exceeded the correct level of heat for this composition, thus the materials inside start to “carbonize”, or burn, and the pad starts breaking apart.
Pictures of our different brake pads
All of our pads looked the same after compression. The Non-recoverable compression in each is as follows:
Heat Cycles of brake pads
Brakes are subject to heat cycles as cars apply pressure to the brake lever
Current brake pad limitations
Everything has a limit, Brakes have some limits too.
Manufacturers will post temperature ranges for operation. Anything above this temperature and the brake pad will carbonize.
Metal on metal contact causes warping if not “broken in” correctly, all manufacturers give “breaking in” instructions. This allows the brakes to conform to the brake disc/drum and heat up and cool down a few times to “set” the materials inside the brake pad.
Brakes of the future
New Compounds

Companies are always working on new compounds that will make brakes quieter, produce less dust, last longer, and stop faster.
The leading edge of brakes generally starts in racing and works its way into industrial applications.
But compounds can only take us so far…
Electromagnetic Brake
Consists of non-linear magnetic steel plate, a permanent magnet and a current coil.
The coil generates a magnetic field which acts against the field of the permanent magnet. The brake is applied when the coil current is zero. Increasing the coil current will release the brake. The braking force can be calculated as a function of the coil current.
Electromagnetic brake (cont.)
With no friction, heat would be minimized, there is nothing to burn up or be sheared off to make dust or shorten the life and no contact to make noise
Current applications
Rollercoasters
Industrial machinery
Brakes
clutches
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