BRAINGATE SYSTEM
#1

Presented by:
P. Samatha
G. Jhansi

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BRAINGATE SYSTEM
ABSTRACT:

The mind-to-movement system that allows a quadriplegic man to control a computer using only his thoughts is a scientific milestone. It was reached, in large part, through the brain gate system. This system has become a boon to the paralyzed. The Brain Gate System is based on Cyber kinetics platform technology to sense,transmit,analyze and apply the language of neurons. The principle of operation behind the Brain Gate System is that with intact brain function, brain signals are generated even though they are not sent to the arms, hands and legs.The signals are interpreted and translated into cursor movements, offering the user an alternate Brain Gate pathway to control a computer with thought,just as individuals who have the ability to move their hands use a mouse.
The 'Brain Gate' contains tiny spikes that will extend down about one millimetre into the brain after being implanted beneath the skull,monitoring the activity from a small group of neurons.It will now be possible for a patient with spinal cord injury to produce brain signals that relay the intention of moving the paralyzed limbs,as signals to an implanted sensor,which is then output as electronic impulses. These impulses enable the user to operate mechanical devices with the help of a computer cursor. Matthew Nagle,a 25-year-old Massachusetts man with a severe spinal cord injury,has been paralyzed from the neck down since 2001.After taking part in a clinical trial of this system,he has opened e-mail,switched TV channels,turned on lights.He even moved a robotic hand from his wheelchair. This marks the first time that neural movement signals have been recorded and decoded in a human with spinal cord injury.The system is also the first to allow a human to control his surrounding environment using his mind.
How does the brain control motor function?
The brain is "hardwired" with connections, which are made by billions of neurons that make electricity whenever they are stimulated. The electrical patterns are called brain waves. Neurons act like the wires and gates in a computer, gathering and transmitting electrochemical signals over distances as far as several feet. The brain encodes information not by relying on single neurons, but by spreading it across large populations of neurons, and by rapidly adapting to new circumstances.
Motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to the muscles, skin and glands of the body, while sensory neurons carry signals from those outer parts of the body to the central nervous system. Receptors sense things like chemicals, light, and sound and encode this information into electrochemical signals transmitted by the sensory neurons. And interneurons tie everything together by connecting the various neurons within the brain and spinal cord. The part of the brain that controls motor skills is located at the ear of the frontal lobe.
How does this communication happen? Muscles in the body's limbs contain embedded sensors called muscle spindles that measure the length and speed of the muscles as they stretch and contract as you move. Other sensors in the skin respond to stretching and pressure. Even if paralysis or disease damages the part of the brain that processes movement, the brain still makes neural signals. They're just not being sent to the arms, hands and legs.
 A technique called neurofeedback uses connecting sensors on the scalp to translate brain waves into information a person can learn from. The sensors register different frequencies of the signals produced in the brain. These changes in brain wave patterns indicate whether someone is concentrating or suppressing his impulses, or whether he is relaxed or tense.
NEUROPROSTHETIC DEVICE:
A neuroprosthetic device known as Braingate converts brain activity into computer commands. A sensor is implanted on the brain, and electrodes are hooked up to wires that travel to a pedestal on the scalp. From there, a fiber optic cable carries the brain activity data to a nearby computer.
PRINCIPLE:
"The principle of operation of the BrainGate Neural Interface System is that with intact brain function, neural signals are generated even though they are not sent to the arms, hands and legs. These signals are interpreted by the System and a cursor is shown to the user on a computer screen that provides an alternate "BrainGate pathway". The user can use that cursor to control the computer,
Just as a mouse is used.”
BrainGate is a brain implant system developed by the bio-tech company Cyberkinetics in 2003 in conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University. The device was designed to help those who have lost control of their limbs, or other bodily functions, such as patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or spinal cord injury. The computer chip, which is implanted into the patient and converts the intention of the user into computer commands.

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#2
Presented By:
Sujana Santhoshi.K
Greeshma Rani.K

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INTRODUCTION
What is brain gate system?

 The mind-to-movement system that allows a quadriplegic man to control a computer using only his thoughts
 Neuroprosthetic device
 Principle
 Brain implant system developed by Bio-tech company Cyberkinetics in 2008 in conjunction with the department of Neuroscience at Brown University
 Computer chip, implanted into the brain, monitors brain activity and converts the intention of the user into computer commands.
Neuro chip
Chip uses 100 hair-thin electrodes that ‘hear’ neurons firing in specific areas of the brain.
Brain Computer Interface (BCI):
 The main working procedure of brain gate system.
 Direct communication pathway between a brain and an external device
HUMAN BCI RESEARCH
 Invasive BCI
 Partially Invasive BCI
 Non Invasive BCI
 INVASIVE BCI
 Implanted directly into the grey matter of the brain during neurosurgery.
PARTIAL INVASIVE BCI
 Implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather than within the grey matter.
PARTIAL INVASIVE BCI
 Electrocorticography(ECoG):
The electrodes are embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed above the cortex.
 Light Reactive Imaging:
Implanting a laser inside the skull.
NON INVASIVE BCI
 Neuroimaging technologies as interfaces are used
 Signals recorded in this way have been used to power muscle implants and restore partial movement in an experimental volunteer
 Produce poor signal resolution
NON INVASIVE BCI
 Electroencephalography(EEG)
 Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
 Hat Allows Computer Control By Thought
APPLICATIONS
 Typing words by mind
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#3
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#4

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#5

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