presented by:
PRAVEEN SUNDARAN

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Brain fingerprinting
introduction
Brain fingerprinting is a controversial proposed investigative technique that measures recognition of familiar stimuli by measurintg electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases of pictures that are presented on a computer screen. Brain fingerprinting is a technology that is invented for use by investigation purpose.
development
Brain fingerprinting is one of the efficient investigative technology, developed in the United
States of America.
It was invented by Dr. Lawrence A. Farwall.
What is brain fingerprinting ? . .
Brain fingerprinting is based on finding that the brain generates a unique brain wave pattern when a person encounters a familiar stimulus. Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in lie detection derives from studies suggesting that persons asked to lie show different patterns of brain activity than they do when truthful.
BRAIN FINGERPRINTING
Brain fingerprinting is designed to determine whether an individual recognizes specific information related to an event or activity by measuring brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures.
TECHNIQUE
The person to be tested wears a special headband with electronic sensors that measure the Electro Encephalo Graphic (EEG) signals from several locations on the scalp.
The testee is presented with a series of relevant and irrelevant words & pictures. The brain responses to these two types of stimuli allow the testor to determine if the measured brain response.
technique
Using brain waves
Phases of brain fingerprinting
There are four stages to Farwell Brain fingerprinting, which are similar to steps in fingerprinting and DNA fingerprinting.
Brain fingerprinting Crime Scene Evidence Collection.
Brain fingerprinting Brain Evidence Collection.
Brain fingerprinting Computer Evidence Analysis, and
Brain fingerprinting Scientific Result.
Applications
- Counter Terrorism
- Criminal Justice
&
- Medical Applications
Comparison with other technologies
Brain fingerprinting matches informational evidence from the crime scene with evidence stored in the brain rather then physical.
Fingerprints and DNA are not available in all occasions. The brain is always there, planning, executing and recording the suspect’s actions.
advantage
It is fundamentally different from polygraph test, it doesn’t needs any verbal response.
disadvantage
This technology can be applied only in places where the investigators have sufficient amount of specific information about an event or activity.
Admissibility in court
The following established features of Brain fingerprinting will be relevant when the question of admissibility is tested in court.
Brain fingerprinting has been thoroughly and scientifically tested.
The rate of error is extremely low.
The theory and practice of brain fingerprinting have gained general acceptance in the relevant scientific community.
accuracy
Brain fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US Navy, and tests on real life situation including actual crimes.
Conclusion
The technology fulfills an urgent need for governments, law enforcement agencies, investigators, crime victims, and falsely accused innocent suspects with a record of 100% accuracy.

Presented By:
Ankit Mangal

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What is BFP ???
 Brain fingerprinting is the new computer based tech., to identify the culprit of a crime scientifically by measuring the brain waves.
 It has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US navy including felony crimes.
 Measures the response to visual or audio stimulus.
Why is BFP ???
Brain fingerprinting is based on the principle that, in a criminal act there may be many kinds of planning, executing & recording the crime.
The difference btw criminal & an innocent person is that the criminal must have the details of crime stored in brain whereas the innocent person does not.
National security
Identify terrorists and accomplices prior to attacks by determining whether specific information is embedded in the memory of the subject.
Medical field
Advertisement
Brain fingerprinting allows advertisers to determine what information from an ad is retained in memory
What elements do people pay attention to
What type of media is most effective
How to advertise to people all over the world
Fantastic four
In Fingerprints & DNA evidence collected at the crime scene, and is match that would place the suspect at the crime scene.
The four phases are,
• Crime scene evidence collection.
• Brain Evidence collection.
• Computer Evidence Analysis.
• Scientific Result.
• Crime Scene Evidence Collection
It examines the crime scene to identify details of the crime that would be known only to the perpetrator.
• Evidence Collection
To determine whether the evidence from the crime scene matches evidence stored in brain.

Presented by:
Debiprasad Mahapatra

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Introduction
History.
 Brain fingerprinting was invented by Dr. Lawrence A. Farwell, The chief scientist and president of Human Brain
Research Laboratory, USA.
 He had tested Brain Fingerprinting technology over 170 cases. More than 80 of these were in real-life situations, and the rest were laboratory studies. Brain Fingerprinting testing has not made a single error in all of these cases.
Definition
 "Brain fingerprinting" is a computer-based test that is designed to discover, document, and provide evidence of guilty knowledge regarding crimes , and identify members of dormant terrorist cells.
 Brain fingerprinting is a technique that measures recognition of familiar stimuli by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures that are presented on a computer screen .
Working principle
 The entire Brain Fingerprinting system is under computer control, including presentation of the stimuli, recording of electrical brain activity,
 A mathematical data analysis algorithm that compares the responses to the three types of stimuli and produces a determination of "information present" or "information absent," and a statistical confidence level for this determination.
How the technology works.
 When someone commits a crime, his brain records
in it’s memory .
 Brain Fingerprinting seeks to reveal that memory,
by showing the suspect evidence taken from the
crime scene.
 A head band with sensors is placed on the subject.
 A series of pictures or words is flashed on the screen.
 Dr. Farwell conducting a Brain Fingerprinting test
 The computer records the brain waves produced in response to what the subject sees.
 The brain responses called a P300 MERMER
are recorded as a wave form.
 By analyzing MERMER (Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response) the pattern of waves, Farwell can determine if the subject is recognizing what he is seeing.
Scientific Procedure
Brain fingerprinting incorporate the following procedure.
 A sequence of words or pictures is presented on a video monitor under computer control. Each stimulus appears for a fraction of a second.
 Three types of stimuli are presented:
i.) Targets,
ii.) Irrelevants, and
iii.) probes.

 The TARGETS stimuli consist of information
known to suspect about the crime which will
establish a baseline response and elicit a MERMER.
 The IRRELEVANTS stimuli consist of information
that has nothing to do with the crime, which will
establish a baseline brain response for information
that is not significant to the suspect in context of the
crime. These IRRELEVANTS do not elicit a MER-
-MER.
 Some of the non-target stimuli are relevant to the situation under investigation. These relevant stimuli are referred to as PROBES.
 When the information tested is crime-relevant and known only to the suspect and investigators, then "information present" implies guilt and "information absent" implies innocence.
Equipment and Technology.
 The brain fingerprinting system comprises
 A personal computer (Pentium iv,1 GHz, IBM PC).
 A data acquisition board .
 Two monitors.
 A EEG amplifier.
 Software for data acquisition.
 Some electrodes.
Equipment and Technology (Contd.)
Computer Controlled.
 The electrodes to used to measure electrical
brain activity.
 The software presents the stimuli, collects the
EEG data, and analyzes the data.
 Brain electrical activity amplified and stored
on a memory device.
 During the data collection ,the stimuli are
displayed to the subject on one monitor,
and the investigator views another monitor.
 Investigator gets the summary of the textual information and the wave form as follows…..
 Using Brain waves to detect guilt:
 Red = Information the suspect is expected to know.
 Green = Information not known to suspect.
 Blue = Information of the crime that only perpetrator would.
• Information absent
 Information present
Benefits
 Identify criminal quickly and scientifically;
 Record of 100% accuracy;
 Confirm innocence, clear the falsely accused, and the falsely convicted;
 Provide immediate Scientific Result : Information Present or Information Absent, i.e., the crime-relevant information is or is not stored in the brain of the suspect, within a few hours (same day).
 Reduce costs and complexities. Provide a straightforward, scientific method of distinguishing between perpetrators and innocent suspects.
 Access criminal evidence in the brain. Evidence of a crime is virtually always stored in the brain of the perpetrator; fingerprints and DNA, though accurate and highly useful, can only be collected in approximately 1% of all criminal cases.
 Support the right to a speedy and fair trial.
Conclusion
 Brain Fingerprinting is a revolutionary new technology for solving crimes, with a record of 100% accuracy.
 The technology fulfills an urgent need for governments, law enforcement agencies, corporations, and individuals in a trillion-dollar worldwide market. The technology is fully developed and available for application in the field.

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INTRODUCTION
 Brain Fingerprinting was develop & patented in 1995 by Dr .Lawrence A .Farwell .
 Its using brain mermer testing to detect conceal
 Is based on the theory that throughout any action, the brain ,plans , records, and executes all of the actions.
 It has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents.
 One of the application is lie detection
WHAT IS BRAIN FINGERPRINTING?
How to Use?
 You wear a hand band which detects electrical signals from your facial muscles , eye movements and brain waves.
 the software decodes these signals into virtual finger or brain finger which tigers mouse and keyboard events to control third party software
 This test uses what Farwell calls the MERMER ("Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response") response to detect familiarity reaction.
Phases
 Crime scene evidence
 Brain evidence collection
 Computer evidence analysis
 Scientific result
APPLICATION
 Counter terrorism
 Criminal justice
 Medical
 Sensitive military and
 Foreign intelligence screening.
USING BRAIN WAVES TO DETECT GUILT
Advantages
 Identify criminals quickly and scientifically.
 Exonerate the innocent
 Provide investigator and accused with an instant result.
 Identify terrorist ,member of gang , criminal and intelligence information
 Decrease the number of suspect that escape justice due to lack of witness.
Technique
Future scope
 . Many innocent suspects, some already convicted, and some on death row, have been exonerated by the newly discovered science of DNA testing. Fingerprints are also highly accurate.
 Now Brain Fingerprinting technology is available to determine accurately and scientifically whether the record of the crime is stored in the brain of a suspect or not.
 When applied by law enforcement agencies and by defendants in criminal cases, Brain Fingerprinting tests can eliminate many innocent suspects at the very beginning of the investigation.

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ABSTRACT
Brain Fingerprinting is a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen. Brain Fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US Navy, and tests on real-life situations including felony crimes.
Why Brain Fingerprinting???
Brain Fingerprinting is based on the principle that the brain is central to all human acts. In a criminal act, there may or may not be many kinds of peripheral evidence, but the brain is always there, planning, executing, and recording the crime. The fundamental difference between a perpetrator and a falsely accused, innocent person is that the perpetrator, having committed the crime, has the details of the crime stored in his brain, and the innocent suspect does not. This is what Brain Fingerprinting detects scientifically
The secrets of Brain Fingerprinting
Matching evidence at the crime scene with evidence in the brain
When a crime is committed, a record is stored in the brain of the perpetrator. Brain Fingerprinting provides a means to objectively and scientifically connect evidence from the crime scene with evidence stored in the brain. (This is similar to the process of connecting DNA samples from the perpetrator with biological evidence found at the scene of the crime; only the evidence evaluated by Brain Fingerprinting is evidence stored in the brain.) Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity in response to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen, and reveals a brain MERMER (memory and encoding related multifaceted electroencephalographic response) when, and only when, the evidence stored in the brain matches the evidence from the crime scene. Thus, the guilty can be identified and the innocent can be cleared in an accurate, scientific, objective, non-invasive, non-stressful, and non-testimonial manner
MERMER Methodology
The procedure used is similar to the Guilty Knowledge Test; a series of words, sounds, or pictures are presented via computer to the subject for a fraction of a second each. Each of these stimuli are organised by the test-giver to be a “Target,” “Irrelevant,” or a “Probe.” The Target stimuli are chosen to be relevant information to the tested subject, and are used to establish a baseline brain response for information that is significant to the subject being tested. The subject is instructed to press on button for Targets, and another button for all other stimuli. Most of the non-Target stimuli are Irrelevant, and are totally unrelated to the situation that the subject is being tested for. The Irrelevant stimuli do not elicit a MERMER, and so establish a baseline brain response for information that is insignificant to the subject in this context. Some of the non-Target are relevant to the situation that the subject is being tested for. These stimuli, Probes, are relevant to the test, and are significant to the subject, and will elicit a MERMER, signifying that the subject has understood that stimuli to be significant. A subject lacking this information in their brain, the response to the Probe stimulus will be indistinguishable from the irrelevant stimulus. This response does not elicit a MERMER, indicating that the information is absent from their mind. Note that there does not have to be an emotional response of any kind to the stimuli- this test is entirely reliant upon recognition response to the stimuli, and relies upon a difference in recognition- hence the association with the Oddball effect
THE FANTASTIC FOUR!!!
The four phases of Brain Fingerprinting
In fingerprinting and DNA fingerprinting, evidence recognized and collected at the crime scene, and preserved properly until a suspect is apprehended, is scientifically compared with evidence on the person of the suspect to detect a match that would place the suspect at the crime scene. Brain Fingerprinting works similarly, except that the evidence collected both at the crime scene and on the person of the suspect (i.e., in the brain as revealed by electrical brain responses) is informational evidence rather than physical evidence. There are four stages to Brain Fingerprinting, which are similar to the steps in fingerprinting and DNA fingerprinting:

Presented By
Sumita kumari Khandual

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BRAIN FINGER PRINTING
Introduction
 Brain fingerprinting is a scientific technique to determine whether or not specific information is stored in an individual's brain.
 Brain fingerprinting was invented by Dr. Lawrence A. Farwell
The chief scientist and president of Human Brain
Research Laboratory, USA.
 He had tested Brain Fingerprinting technology in over 170 cases. More than 80 of these were in real-life
situations, and the rest were laboratory studies.
Definition
 "Brain fingerprinting" is a computer-based test that is designed to discover, document, and provide
evidence of guilty knowledge regarding crimes.
 Brain fingerprinting is a technique that measures recognition of familiar stimuli by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures that are presented on a computer screen .
Equipment and technology
The brain fingerprinting system comprises
 A personal computer.
 A data acquisition board.
 Two monitors.
 A EEG amplifier.
 Software for data acquisition
 Some electrodes.
Computer controled:
 The electrodes to used to measure electrical brain activity.
 The software presents the stimuli, collects the EEG data, and analyzes the data.
 Brain electrical activity amplified and stored on a memory device.
 During the data collection ,the stimuli are displayed to the subjecton one monitor,and the investigator views another monitor.
Working principle
 Entire system under computer control includes
 Presentation of the stimuli.
 Recording of electrical brain activity.
 Determination of "information present" or "information absent," .
 Mathematical data analysis algorithm that compares the responses
statistical confidence level for the determination.
How the technology work
 When someone commits a crime, his brain records it has a memory .
 Brain Fingerprinting seeks to reveal that memory, by showing the suspect evidence taken from the crime scene.
 A head band with sensors is placed on the subject.
 A series of pictures or words is flashed on the screen.
 The computer records the brain waves produced in response to what the subject sees.
 The brain responses called a P300/ MERMER are recorded as a wave form.
 By analyzing MERMER (Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic
Response)the pattern of waves, Farwell can
determine if the subject is recognizing what he is
seeing.
Crime Control Information
 Information is absent
 Information is present
SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURE
 Stimulus appears for a fraction of a second when they are presented on a video monitor under computer control.
 Three types of stimuli are presented:
1) Targets,
2 ) Irrelevants, and
3 ) probes.
 TARGETS stimuli Info known to suspect about the crime
Elicits a MERMER.
 IRRELEVANTS stimuli Info not related to the crime
Do not elicit a MERMER.
 PROBES stimuli Info relevant to the situation under investigation that only the perpetrators knows Elicits a MERMER.
Application
 National Security.
 To test job applicants on the falsification of an application.
 Medical Field.
 Helps in Identifying false-witnesses.
Benefit
 Identify criminal quickly and scientifically,record of 100% accuracy.
 Provide immediate Scientific Result : Information Present or Information Absent.
 Reduce costs and complexities.
 Support the right to a speedy and fair trial.
Disadvantages
 Not applicable for general screening.
 It does not indicate intent of the crime.
 Takes a fair amount of time to set up and conduct properly .
 Difficult to distinguish the criminal and a witness who saw all the criminal activity happen.
Conclusion
 Brain Fingerprinting is a revolutionary new technology for solving crimes, with a record of 100% accuracy.
 The technology fulfills an urgent need for governments, law enforcement agencies, corporations, and individuals in a trillion-dollar worldwide market. The technology is fully
developed and available for application in the
field.

[attachment=10427]
INTRODUCTION
Brain Fingerprinting is a controversial proposed investigative technique that measures recognition of familiar stimuli by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures that are presented on a computer screen. Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence Farwell. The theory is that the suspect's reaction to the details of an event or activity will reflect if the suspect had prior knowledge of the event or activity. This test uses what Farwell calls the MERMER ("Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response") response to detect familiarity reaction. One of the applications is lie detection. Dr. Lawrence A. Farwell has invented, developed, proven, and patented the technique of Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen. Farwell Brain Fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US Navy, and tests on real-life situations including actual crimes..
What is Brain Fingerprinting?
Brain Fingerprinting is designed to determine whether an individual recognizes specific information related to an event or activity by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures presented on a computer screen. The technique can be applied only in situations where investigators have a sufficient amount of specific information about an event or activity that would be known only to the perpetrator and investigator. In this respect, Brain Fingerprinting is considered a type of Guilty Knowledge Test, where the "guilty" party is expected to react strongly to the relevant detail of the event of activity.
Existing (polygraph) procedures for assessing the validity of a suspect's "guilty" knowledge rely on measurement of autonomic arousal (e.g., palm sweating and heart rate), while Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity via a fitted headband containing special sensors. Brain Fingerprinting is said to be more accurate in detecting "guilty" knowledge distinct from the false positives of traditional polygraph methods, but this is hotly disputed by specialized researchers.
Brain Fingerprinting is a controversial forensic science technique that uses brain-reading techniques to determine whether specific information is stored in a subject’s brain. It does this by measuring electrical brainwave responses to words, phrases, or pictures that are presented on a computer screen (Farwell & Smith 2001). Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence Farwell. The theory is that the brain processes known, relevant information differently from the way it processes unknown or irrelevant information (Farwell & Donchin 1991). The brain’s processing of known information, such as the details of a crime stored in the brain, is revealed by a specific pattern in the EEG (electroencephalograph) (Farwell & Smith 2001, Farwell 1994). Farwell’s brain fingerprinting originally used the well known P300 brain response to detect the brain’s recognition of the known information (Farwell & Donchin 1986, 1991; Farwell 1995a). Later Farwell discovered the MERMER ("Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response"), which includes the P300 and additional features and is reported to provide a higher level of accuracy than the P300 alone (Farwell & Smith 2001, Farwell 1994, Farwell 1995b). In peer-reviewed publications Farwell and colleagues report over 99% accuracy in laboratory research (Farwell & Donchin 1991, Farwell & Richardson 2006) and real-life field applications (Farwell & Smith 2001, Farwell et al. 2006). In independent research William Iacono and others who followed identical or similar scientific protocols to Farwell’s have reported a similar high level of accuracy (e.g., Allen & Iacono 1997).
Brain fingerprinting has been applied in a number of high-profile criminal cases, including helping to catch serial killer JB Grinder (Dalbey 1999) and to exonerate innocent convict Terry Harrington after he had been falsely convicted of murder (Harrington v. State). Brain fingerprinting has been ruled admissible in court (Harrington v. State, Farwell & Makeig 2005). In the controversial Sister Abhaya murder case, the Ernakulam Chief Judicial Magistrate court had asked the Central Bureau of Investigation to make use of all modern investigation techniques, including brain fingerprinting.
Brain fingerprinting technique has been criticized on a number of fronts (Fox 2006b, Abdollah 2003). Although independent scientists who have used the same or similar methods as Farwell’s brain fingerprinting have achieved similar, highly accurate results (Allen & Iacono 1997; see also Harrington v. State), different methods have yielded different results. J. Peter Rosenfeld used P300-based tests incorporating fundamentally different methods, resulting in as low as chance accuracy (Rosenfeld et al. 2004) as well as susceptibility to countermeasures, and criticized brain fingerprinting based on the premise that the shortcomings of his alternative technique should generalize to all other techniques in which the P300 is among the brain responses measured, including brain fingerprinting.Brain Fingerprinting was an international finalist in the Global Security Challenge 2008 in London.
Brain finger printing is based on finding that the brain generates a unique brain wave pattern when a person encounters a familiar stimulus Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in lie detection derives from studies suggesting that persons asked to lie show different patterns of brain activity than they do when being truthful. Issues related to the use of such evidence in courts are discussed. The author concludes that neither approach is currently supported by enough data regarding its accuracy in detecting deception to warrant use in court.
In the field of criminology, a new lie detector has been developed in the United States of America. This is called “brain finger printing”. This invention is supposed to be the best lie detector available as on date and is said to detect even smooth criminals who pass the polygraph test (the conventional lie detector test) with ease. The new method employs brain waves, which are useful in detecting whether the person subjected to the test, remembers finer details of the crime. Even if the person willingly suppresses the necessary information, the brain wave is sure to trap him, according to the experts, who are very excited about the new kid on the block.
Brain Finger printing is designed to determine whether an individual recognizes specific information related to an event or activity by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures presented on a computer screen. The technique can be applied only in situations where investigators have a sufficient amount of specific information about an event or activity that would be known only to the perpetrator and investigator. In this respect, Brain Fingerprinting is considered a type of Guilty Knowledge Test, where the "guilty" party is expected to react strongly to the relevant detail of the event of activity.
Existing (polygraph) procedures for assessing the validity of a suspect's "guilty" knowledge rely on measurement of autonomic arousal (e.g., palm sweating and heart rate), while Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity via a fitted headband containing special sensors. Brain Fingerprinting is said to be more accurate in detecting "guilty" knowledge distinct from the false positives of traditional polygraph methods, but this is hotly disputed by specialized researchers.

These relevant stimuli are referred to as probes information relevant to the crime. For a subject with knowledge of the situation investigated probes are observed due to this knowledge and therefore cause probes.

Presented by
Tonya Slager

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The fundamental difference between the perpetrator of a crime and an innocent person is that the perpetrator, having committed the crime, has the details of the crime stored in his memory, and the innocent suspect does not.
This is what Brain Fingerprinting testing detects scientifically, the presence or absence of specific information.
Defining Brain Fingerprinting
 Scientific technique to determine whether or not specific information is stored in an individual's brain
 Relevant words, pictures or sounds are presented to a subject by a computer in a series with stimuli
 The brainwave responses measured using a patented headband equipped with EEG sensors
 P300- Specific, measurable brain response
 emitted by the brain of a subject who has the relevant information stored in his brain
How Does it Work?
 measurements are recorded in fractions of a second after the stimulus is presented, before the subject is able to formulate or control a response
 Dr. Farwell discovered that the P300 was one aspect of a larger brain-wave response that he named and patented, a MERMER (memory and encoding related multifaceted electroencephalographic response)
 Brain responses were recorded from the midline frontal, central, and parietal scalp locations, referenced to linked mastoids (behind the ear), and from a location on the forehead to track eye movements
 At the end of each test, subjects were given a written list of all stimulus items and asked to mark each item as noteworthy, somewhat noteworthy, or irrelevant – those marked were thrown out
Information is absent
Information is present
 The MERMER includes:
1. The P300 -an electrically positive component maximal at the parietal scalp site
2. Another, longer latency, electrically negative subcomponent prominent at the frontal scalp site
3. Phasic changes in the frequency and structure of the signal.
Types of Stimuli Used
 Probes
 Life-experience related
 Relevant to the investigated event -recognizable and noteworthy only for the subjects who had participated in the event (MERMER)
 Indistinguishable from the Irrelevants for a subject who is not knowledgeable about the situation under investigation
 Targets
 Push a button to indicate known image
 Since the relatively rare Targets are singled out in the task being performed, the Targets are noteworthy for the subject, and each Target stimulus elicits a MERMER
 Irrelevant Stimuli
 information relevant to the crime that the suspect claims to have no knowledge of
Case Studies
 FBI- new agents 100% accurate
 CIA- 3 experiments
 Pictures rather than verbal cues
 Words/phrases to determine connection between professionals, their organization, and known information related to work
 Real-life events including 2 felony crimes
Overall 79 participants with 100% accuracy

Brain Finger Printing
Abstract
Brain fingerprinting is based on finding that the brain generates a unique brain wave pattern when a person encounters a familiar stimulus Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in lie detection derives from studies suggesting that persons asked to lie show different patterns of brain activity than they do when being truthful.
In the field of criminology, a new lie detector has been developed in the United States of America. This is called “brain fingerprinting”. This invention is supposed to be the best lie detector available as on date and is said to detect even smooth criminals who pass the polygraph test (the conventional lie detector test) with ease. The new method employs brain waves, which are useful in detecting whether the person subjected to the test, remembers finer details of the crime. Even if the person willingly suppresses the necessary information, the brain wave is sure to trap him, according to the experts, who are very excited about the new kid on the block.

[attachment=11372]
1 INTRODUCTION:
Brain Fingerprinting is a controversial proposed investigative technique that measures recognition of familiar stimuli by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures that are presented on a computer screen. Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence Farwell. The theory is that the suspect's reaction to the details of an event or activity will reflect if the suspect had prior knowledge of the event or activity. This test uses what Farwell calls the MERMER ("Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response") response to detect familiarity reaction. One of the applications is lie detection. Dr. Lawrence A. Farwell has invented, developed, proven, and patented the technique of Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen. Farwell Brain Fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US Navy, and tests on real-life situations including actual crimes.
1.1 DEFINITION:
Brain Fingerprinting is designed to determine whether an individual recognizes specific information related to an event or activity by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures presented on a computer screen. The technique can be applied only in situations where investigators have a sufficient amount of specific information about an event or activity that would be known only to the perpetrator and Investigator. In this respect, Brain Fingerprinting is considered a type of Guilty Knowledge
Test, where the "guilty" party is expected to react strongly to the relevant detail of the event of activity.
Existing (polygraph) procedures for assessing the validity of a suspect's "guilty" knowledge rely on measurement of autonomic arousal (e.g., palm sweating and heart rate), while Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity via a fitted headband containing special sensors.
Brain Fingerprinting is said to be more accurate in detecting "guilty" knowledge distinct from the false positives of traditional polygraph methods, but this is hotly disputed by specialized researchers.
1.2 TECHNIQUE:
The person to be tested wears a special headband with electronic sensors that measure the electroencephalography from several locations on the scalp. In order to calibrate the brain fingerprinting system, the testee is presented with a series of irrelevant stimuli, words, and pictures, and a series of relevant stimuli, words, and pictures. The test subject's brain response to these two different types of stimuli allow the testor to determine if the measured brain responses to test stimuli, called probes, are more similar to the relevant or irrelevant responses.
The technique uses the well known fact that an electrical signal known as P300 is emitted from an individual's brain approximately 300 milliseconds after it is confronted with a stimulus of special significance, e.g. a rare vs. a common stimuls or a stimulus the proband is asked to count. The novel interpretation in brain fingerprinting is to look for P300 as response to stimuli related to the crime in question e.g., a murder weapon or a victim's face. Because it is based on EEG signals, the system does not require the testee to issue verbal responses to questions or stimuli.
Brain fingerprinting uses cognitive brain responses, brain finger printing does not depend on the emotions of the subject, nor is it affected by emotional responses. Brain fingerprinting is fundamentally different from the polygraph (lie-detector), which measures emotion-based physiological signals such as heart rate, sweating, and blood pressure. Also, unlike polygraph testing, it does not attempt to determine whether or not the subject is lying or telling the truth.
2 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY:
Electroencephalography (EEG) is the measurement of electrical activity produced by the brain as recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. Just as the activity in a computer can be understood on multiple levels, from the activity of individual transistors to the function of applications, so can the electrical activity of the brain be described on relatively small to relatively large scales. At one end are action potentials in a single axon or currents within a single dendrite of a single neuron, and at the other end is the activity measured by the EEG which aggregates the electric voltage fields from millions of neurons. So-called scalp EEG is collected from tens to hundreds of electrodes positioned on different locations at the surface of the head. EEG signals (in the range of milli-volts) are amplified and digitalized for later processing. The data measured by the scalp EEG are used for clinical and research purposes.
2.1 SOURCE OF EEG ACTIVITY:
Scalp EEG activity oscillates at multiple frequencies having different characteristic spatial distributions associated with different states of brain functioning such as waking and sleeping. These oscillations represent synchronized activity over a network of neurons. The neuronal networks underlying some of these oscillations are understood (such as the thalamocortical resonance underlying sleep spindles) while many others are not (e.g. the system that generates the posterior basic rhythm).
2.2 EEG VS FMRI AND PET:
EEG has several strong sides as a tool of exploring brain activity; for example, its time resolution is very high (on the level of a single millisecond). Other methods of looking at brain activity, such as PET and FMRI have time resolution between seconds and minutes.
EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., SPECT, FMRI) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET), which are indirect markers of brain electrical activity.
EEG can be used simultaneously with FMRI so that high-temporal-resolution data can be recorded at the same time as high-spatial-resolution data, however, since the data derived from each occurs over a different time course, the data sets do not necessarily represent the exact same brain activity. There are technical difficulties associated with combining these two modalities like currents can be induced in moving EEG electrode wires due to the magnetic field of the MRI.
EEG can be recorded at the same time as MEG so that data from these complimentary high-time-resolution techniques can be combined. Magneto-encephalography (MEG) is an imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain via extremely sensitive devices such as superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). These measurements are commonly used in both research and clinical settings. There are many uses for the MEG, including assisting surgeons in localizing pathology, assisting researchers in determining the function of various parts of the brain, neuro-feedback, and others.
2.3 METHOD:
Scalp EEG, the recording is obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp. Each electrode is connected to one input of a differential amplifier and a common system reference electrode is connected to the other input of each differential amplifier. These amplifiers amplify the voltage between the active electrode and the reference (typically 1,000–100,000 times, or 60–100 dB of voltage gain). A typical adult human EEG signal is about 10µV to 100 µV in amplitude when measured from the scalp [2] and is about 10–20 mV when measured from subdural electrodes. In digital EEG systems, the amplified signal is digitized via an analog-to-digital converter, after being passed through an anti-aliasing filter. Since an EEG voltage signal represents a difference between the voltages at two electrodes, the display of the EEG for the reading encephalographer may be set up in one of several ways.
3 ROLE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS:
The application of Brain Fingerprinting testing in a criminal case involves four phases: investigation, interview, scientific testing, and adjudication. Of these four phases, only the third one is in the domain of science. The first phase is undertaken by a skilled investigator, the second by an interviewer who may be an investigator or a scientist, the third by a scientist, and the fourth by a judge and jury.
This is similar to the forensic application of other sciences. For example, if a person is found dead of unknown causes, first there is an investigation to determine if there may have been foul play. If there is a suspect involved, the suspect is interviewed to determine what role, if any, he says he has had in the situation. If the investigation determines that the victim may have been poisoned using ricin or cadmium, two rare and powerful poisons, then scientific tests can be conducted to detect these specific substances in the body. Then the evidence accumulated through the test, the investigation, and the interview are presented to a judge and jury, who make the adjudication as to whether a particular suspect is guilty of a particular crime. In such a case, the science of forensic toxicology reveals only whether or not specific toxins are in the body. It does not tell us when or where to look for toxins, or which toxins to look for. We must rely on investigation to provide the necessary guidance on these issues. The science of forensic toxicology also does not tell us whether a particular suspect is innocent or guilty of a crime. The question of guilt or innocence is a legal one, not a scientific one, and the adjudication is made by a judge and jury, and not by a scientist or a computer.
3.1 PHASE 1: Investigation
The first phase in applying Brain Fingerprinting testing in a criminal case is an investigation of the crime. Before a Brain Fingerprinting test can be applied, an investigation must be undertaken to discover information that can be used in the test. The science of Brain Fingerprinting accurately determines whether or not specific information is stored in a specific person’s brain. It detects the presence or absence of specific information in the brain. Before we can conduct this scientific test, we need to determine what information to test for. This investigation precedes and informs the scientific phase which constitutes the Brain Fingerprinting test itself. The role of investigation is to find specific information that will be useful in a Brain Finger printing test. As with any scientific test, if the outcome of the Brain Fingerprinting test is to be useful evidence for a judge and jury to consider in reaching their verdict, then the information tested must have a bearing on the perpetration of the crime.
3.2 PHASE 2: Interview of Subject
Once evidence has been accumulated through investigation, and before the Brain Fingerprinting test is conducted to determine if the evidence can be linked to the suspect, it can in some cases be very valuable to obtain the suspect’s account of the situation. For example, if an investigation shows that specific fingerprints are found at the scene of a murder, a suspect can be interviewed to determine if there may be some legitimate reason that his prints are there. If the suspect’s story is that he was never at the scene of the crime, then a match between his fingerprints and the fingerprints at that scene would be highly incriminating. If, on the other hand, the suspect’s story is that he was at the scene for some legitimate reason just before the crime, then fingerprints must be interpreted differently, particularly if there is corroborating evidence of the suspect’s presence at the scene before the crime.
The interview with the suspect may help to determine which scientific tests to conduct, or how to conduct the tests. For example, a suspect may say that he entered and then left the room where a murder was committed a short time before the murder, and that he never saw or handled the murder weapon. In this context, a finding that the suspect’s fingerprints matched the fingerprints on the doorknob would have little value, but a finding that his fingerprints matched those on the murder weapon would provide incriminating evidence.
Prior to a Brain Fingerprinting test, an interview of the suspect is conducted. The suspect is asked if he would have any legitimate reason for knowing any of the information that is contained in the potential probe stimuli. This information is described without revealing which stimuli are probes and which are irrelevant. For example, the suspect may be asked, “The newspaper reports, which you no doubt have read, say that the victim was struck with a blunt object. Do you have any way of knowing whether that murder weapon was a baseball bat, a broom handle, or a blackjack?” If the suspect answers “No,” then a test result indicating that his brain does indeed contain a record of which of these is the murder weapon can provide evidence relevant to the case.

Presented by:
ANKITA APARAJITA

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[attachment=11549]
Brain Fingerprinting is designed to determine whether an individual
recognizes specific information related to an event or activity by measuring
electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures presented on a computer screen. The technique can be applied only in situations where investigators have a sufficient amount of specific information about an event or activity that would be known only to the perpetrator and investigator.
TECHNIQUE
The technique uses the well known fact that an electrical signal known as P300 is emitted from an individual's brain approximately 300 milliseconds after it is confronted with a stimulus of special significance, e.g. a rare vs. a common stimuls or a stimulas the proband is asked to count. The novel interpretation in brain fingerprinting is to look for P300 as
response to stimuli related to the crime in question e.g., a murder weapon or a victim's face. Because it is based on EEG signals, the system does not require the testee to issue verbal responses to questions or stimuli.
PHASES OF FARWELL BRAIN FINGERPRINTING
1.Crime Scene Evidence Collection;
2. Brain Evidence Collection;
3. Computer Evidence Analysis; and
4. Scientific Result.
The MERMER includes:
. The P300 -an electrically positive component maximal at the parietal scalp site
2. Another, longer latency, electrically negative subcomponent prominent at the frontal scalp site
3. Phasic changes in the frequency and structure of the signal.
Types of Stimuli Used
• Probes
– Life-experience related
– Relevant to the investigated event -recognizable and noteworthy only for the subjects who had participated in the event (MERMER)
– Indistinguishable from the Irrelevants for a subject who is not knowledgeable about the situation under investigation
• Targets
– Push a button to indicate known image
– Since the relatively rare Targets are singled out in the task being performed, the Targets are noteworthy for the subject, and each Target stimulus elicits a MERMER
• Irrelevant Stimuli
– information relevant to the crime that the suspect claims to have no knowledge of

[attachment=11898]
BRAIN FINGER PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
 Brain fingerprinting is a scientific technique to determine whether or not specific information is stored in an individual's brain.
 Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence Farwell
 It’s a patented technique of proven accuracy in us government tests.
 It has a record of 100% accuracy.
MORE ABOUT BRAIN FINGER PRINTING TECHNOLOGY!!
 Brain fingerprinting identifies the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen.
HOW DOES IT WORK??
 When a crime is committed, a record is stored in the brain of the perpetrator.
 Relevant words, pictures or sounds are presented to a subject by a computer in a series with stimuli
 The brainwave responses is measured using a patented headband equipped with EEG sensors.
 P300- specific, measurable brain response emitted by the brain of a subject who has the relevant information stored in his brain is collected!
WHAT IS MERMER
 A MERMER is a part of the brainwave observed in response to familiar information.
 When the brain recognizes something, neurons are fired synchronously, eliciting characteristic changes in brain activity.
 It is these changes, that investigators look for when trying to determine whether someone recognizes a particular piece of information.
 When a person is exposed to a information, there is increase in neuron activity which results in an increase in voltage
 Typically within 300–1000msec after the stimulus.
 That response with increase in voltage is known as P300
WHAT IS MERMER
 However, the P300 has only a 87.5% success rate in revealing the presence of relevant information in one’s brain.
 But Farwell’s test is based on the discovery that the P300 is only a subcomponent of a more complicated response called a MERMER.
 The MERMER includes the P300 and another longer latency, electrically negative subcomponent with a latency of up to two seconds post-stimulus
MERMER METHODOLGY
 MERMER incorporates following procedure:
 A sequence of words, phrases, or pictures is presented on a video monitor to the subject, wearing a special headband designed for detecting the brain wave responses.
 Three types of stimuli are presented:
1.Target
2. Irrelevant
3. Probe
 TARGET : The target stimuli are made relevant and noteworthy to all subjects.
 IRRELEVANT : These have no relation to the situation under investigation.
 PROBES : Probes are the stimuli that are relevant to the situation under investigation.
 A subject lacking specific information relevant to the situation under investigation recognizes only two types of stimuli: targets & irrelevants.
 A subject with specific information relevant to the situation under investigation, however, recognizes all three types of stimuli: targets irrelevants & probes.
 A suspect is tested by looking at three kinds of information represented by different colored lines:
 Red: Information the suspect is expected to know(target)
 Green: Information not known to suspect(irrelevant)
 Blue: Information of the crime that only perpetrator would know(probe)
MERMER METHODOLGY
SUBJECT IS GUILTY:
 MERMER METHODOLGY
SUBJECT IS NOT GUILTY:
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
 Personal computer
 A data acquisition board
 A graphics card for driving two monitors from one PC
 A four-channel EEG amplifier system
 Software developed by the brain fingerprinting laboratories for data acquisition and analysis.
COMPARISONS WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
 Fingerprints and DNA are available in only 1% of crimes. The brain and the evidence recorded in it are always there.
 No questions are asked and no answers are given during Farwell Brain Fingerprinting.
 Brain Fingerprinting Technology depends only on brain information processing, it does not depend on the emotional response of the subject.
APPLICATIONS
ADVERTISING
 What specific information do people retain from advertising?
 What specific elements in an ad campaign have the most impact?
 How effective is the product branding strategy?
COUNTER TERRORISM
 Aid in determining who has participated in terrorist acts, directly or indirectly.
 Help to identify people who have knowledge or training in banking, finance or communications and who are associated with terrorist teams and acts.
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
 With early diagnosis, the progression of Alzheimer's symptoms can often be delayed through medications and dietary and lifestyle changes.
 Using the very precise measurements of cognitive functioning available with this technology, pharmaceutical companies will be able to determine more quickly the effects of their new medications.
ADVANTAGES
 Identify criminals quickly and scientifically
 Record of 100% accuracy
 Identify terrorists and members of gangs, criminal and intelligence organizations
 Reduce expenditure of money and other resources in law enforcement
 Reduce evasion of justice.
DISADVANTAGES
 Not applicable for general screening.
 It does not indicate intent of the crime.
 Takes a fair amount of time to set up and conduct properly .
 Difficult to distinguish the criminal and a witness who saw all the criminal activity happen.
CONCLUSION
 Brain fingerprinting is a revolutionary new scientific technology for solving crimes, identifying perpetrator and exonerating innocent suspects.
 The technology fulfills an urgent need for governments, law enforcement agencies, corporations, investigators, crime victims.
 If research determines that brain MERMER testing is reliable enough that it could be introduced as evidence in court, it may be the major criminal investigative tool of the future.

[attachment=12916]
Brain Fingerprinting
Abstract
Brain fingerprinting is based on finding that the brain generates a unique brain wave pattern when a person encounters a familiar stimulus Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in lie detection derives from studies suggesting that persons asked to lie show different patterns of brain activity than they do when being truthful .The new method employs brain waves. Even if the person willingly suppresses the necessary information, the brain wave is sure to trap him.
Introduction
Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence Farwell which is used to detect the crimes based up on the brain wave responses
Brain Fingerprinting is a new computer-based technology to identify the person of a crime accurately scientifically by measuring the brainwave responses to crime relevant words, picturespresented over a computer screen.
Brain Fingerprinting is based on the principle that the brain is central to all human acts.
Defining Brain Fingerprinting
Scientific technique to determine whether or not specific information is stored in an individual's brain
Relevant words, pictures or sounds are presented to a subject by a computer in a series with stimuli
The brainwave responses measured using a patented headband equipped with EEG sensors
P300- Specific, measurable brain
response emitted by the brain of
a subject who has the relevant
information stored in his brain.
Equipment and technology
The brain fingerprinting system comprises
A personal computer.
A data acquisition board
Two monitors.
A EEG amplifier.
Software for data acquisition
Some electrodes.
a special headband with electronic sensors that measure the electroencephalography.
What is P300/ MERMER?
A MEMBER is a part of the brainwave observed in response to familiar information.
When the brain recognizes something, neurons are fired synchronously.
It is these changes, that investigators look for when trying to determine whether someone recognizes a particular piece of information.
When a person is exposed to a rare, but meaningful information, there is increase in neuron activity which results in an increase in voltage, typically within 300–1000msec after the stimulus, and that response with increases voltage is known as P300.
How Does it Work?
During the Brain Fingerprinting test, Terry Harrington wore a headband equipped with sensors and connected to an electroencephalograph (EEG) amplifier, which in turn fed the brain-wave data into a computer for analysis. He viewed phrases flashed briefly on a computer screen. Some of the phrases were relevant to the Schweer murder; others were irrelevant phrases that would be equally plausible crime-related items for an innocent subject. Analyze Harrington’s brain responses to determine the presence or absence of a MERMER(memory and encoding related multifaceted electroencephalographic response) .
It incorporates the following procedure
Three types of stimuli are presented:
1.Target2.Irrelevant 3. Probe
Target : The target stimuli are made relevant and noteworthy to all subjects.
Irrelevant : These have no relation to the situation under investigation.
Probes : Probes are the stimuli that are relevant to the situation under investigation.
FOUR PHASES OF FARWELL BRAIN FINGERPRINTING
There are four stages to Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, which are similar to the steps in fingerprinting and DNA fingerprinting:
1. Brain Fingerprinting Crime Scene Evidence Collection;
2. Brain Fingerprinting Brain Evidence Collection;
3. Brain Fingerprinting Computer Evidence Analysis; and
4. Brain Fingerprinting Scientific Result.
Applications
Counter Terrorism
Criminal Justice
Medical
Sensitive Military
Foreign Intelligence Screening.
Advantages
Identify criminals quickly and scientifically.
Record of 100% accuracy.
Identify terrorists and members of gangs, criminal and intelligence organizations.
The rate of error is extremely low –Virtually non existent – and clear standard governing.
Scientific techniques of operation of the technology have been established and published.
Conclusion
Brain Fingerprinting is a revolutionary new scientific technology for solving crimes, identifying perpetrators, and exonerating innocent suspects, with a record of 100% accuracy in research with US government agencies, actual criminal cases, and other applications.

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[attachment=15551]
Abstract:
Brain fingerprinting is based on finding that the brain generates a unique brain wave pattern when a person encounters a familiar stimulus Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in lie detection derives from studies suggesting that persons asked to lie show different patterns of brain activity than they do when being truthful. Issues related to the use of such evidence in courts are discussed. The author concludes that neither approach is currently supported by enough data regarding its accuracy in detecting deception to warrant use in court.
In the field of criminology, a new lie detector has been developed in the United States of America. This is called “brain fingerprinting”. This invention is supposed to be the best lie detector available as on date and is said to detect even smooth criminals who pass the polygraph test (the conventional lie detector test) with ease. The new method employs brain waves, which are useful in detecting whether the person subjected to the test, remembers finer details of the crime. Even if the person willingly suppresses the necessary information, the brain wave is sure to trap him, according to the experts, who are very excited about the new kid on the block.
Introduction:
Brain Fingerprinting is a controversial proposed investigative technique that measures recognition of familiar stimuli by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures that are presented on a computer screen. Brain fingerprinting was invented by Lawrence Farwell. The theory is that the suspect's reaction to the details of an event or activity will reflect if the suspect had prior knowledge of the event or activity. This test uses what Farwell calls the MERMER ("Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response") response to detect familiarity reaction. One of the applications is lie detection. Dr. Lawrence A. Farwell has invented, developed, proven, and patented the technique of Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen. Farwell Brain Fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US Navy, and tests on real-life situations including actual crimes..
What is Brain Fingerprinting?
Brain Fingerprinting is designed to determine whether an individual recognizes specific information related to an event or activity by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures presented on a computer screen. The technique can be applied only in situations where investigators have a sufficient amount of specific information about an event or activity that would be known only to the perpetrator and investigator. In this respect, Brain Fingerprinting is considered a type of Guilty Knowledge Test, where the "guilty" party is expected to react strongly to the relevant detail of the event of activity.
Existing (polygraph) procedures for assessing the validity of a suspect's "guilty" knowledge rely on measurement of autonomic arousal (e.g., palm sweating and heart rate), while Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity via a fitted headband containing special sensors. Brain Fingerprinting is said to be more accurate in detecting "guilty" knowledge distinct from the false positives of traditional polygraph methods, but this is hotly disputed by specialized researchers.
Technique:
The person to be tested wears a special headband with electronic sensors that measure the electroencephalography from several locations on the scalp. In order to calibrate the brain fingerprinting system, the testee is presented with a series of irrelevant stimuli, words, and pictures, and a series of relevant stimuli, words, and pictures. The test subject's brain response to these two different types of stimuli allow the testor to determine if the measured brain responses to test stimuli, called probes, are more similar to the relevant or irrelevant responses.
The technique uses the well known fact that an electrical signal known as P300 is emitted from an individual's brain approximately 300 milliseconds after it is confronted with a stimulus of special significance, e.g. a rare vs. a common stimuls or a stimulas the proband is asked to count. The novel interpretation in brain fingerprinting is to look for P300 as response to stimuli related to the crime in question e.g., a murder weapon or a victim's face. Because it is based on EEG signals, the system does not require the testee to issue verbal responses to questions or stimuli.
Brain fingerprinting uses cognitive brain responses, brain fingerprinting does not depend on the emotions of the subject, nor is it affected by emotional responses. Brain fingerprinting is fundamentally different from the polygraph (lie-detector), which measures emotion-based physiological signals such as heart rate, sweating, and blood pressure. Also, unlike polygraph testing, it does not attempt to determine whether or not the subject is lying or telling the truth.

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