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Preliminary “Treatment”
Equalization
Smooth out fluctuations in flow rate
Results in more consistent treatment
Flow Measurement
Flow rate information needed for efficient operation, chemical addition, etc
Equalization
Objective
Decrease fluctuations in flow rate, to provide more consistent treatment
Accomplished by storing excess wastewater during high flow periods
Excess wastewater is released during low flow periods
Pumping
Sometimes needed to lift the water to a higher elevation than the discharge point of the main trunk sewer line.
After pumping, the plant is designed to operate under gravity flow to the point of discharge at the receiving stream.
A Screw Pump
Flow Measurement
Objective
Measure flow rate to facilitate plant operation
Several operations need flow rate data for good operation
Chlorination
pH adjustment
Also required for NPDES reports
Design of Influent Channel
Objective
Design a combination of circular sewer and rectangular channels to deliver wastewater to the head works of the treatment plant
Apply open channel flow hydraulics – applying Manning’s equation considering:
Minimum velocity to reduce solids deposition in the channel
Hydraulic grade, slope of channel invert to provide scour of solids
Channel dimensions that match or transition the influent circular sewer with a rectangular channel
Primary Treatment
- Designed to remove settleable solids and
reduce the organic load (BOD) on the secondary units.
Primary treatment includes
- Bar screen
- Comminutor
- Grit chamber
- Primary clarifier
Bar ScreenVendor-Provided Equipment
Purpose: to remove large objects (sticks, cans, etc) which may cause flow obstructions.
Depending on the size of the plant, bar screens are either hand or mechanically cleaned.
Hand cleaned: used primarily at small plants.
Figure (a) Manually cleaned bar rack (from Peavy, Rowe, and Tchobanoglous, 1985, p. 218)
Bar Screen Mechanically Cleaned
More frequently used because labor and overflowing are greatly reduced.
A by-pass channel with a hand cleaned bar screen must also be provided. A second mechanically cleaned bar screen can also be provided.
The purpose of the by-pass channel is to provide treatment in case of a mechanical failure.
Screens are either front or back cleaned.

Bar Screen
Mechanical Bar ScreenGeneral Design Criteria

Bar Width: 1/4 to 5/8 in
Spacing: 5/8 to 3 in
Depth: 1 to 1.5 inches
Slope: 30 – 45o from the vertical.

(from Peavy, Rowe, and Tchobanoglous, 1985, p. 219)
Mechanical Bar ScreenGeneral Design Criteria
Approach velocity – 1.25 fps @ minimum flow (as determined by the Manning Eqn.), the purpose in controlling the approach velocity is to prevent deposition of grit in the channel.
Velocity through the screen - < 3 fps, to prevent excessive headloss and to prevent forcing of screenings through the openings.
Quantities of screenings – 0.5-5 ft3/ MG, average 2 ft3/MG
Mechanical Bar ScreenGeneral Design Criteria
Disposal of screenings – landfill or incineration
Density: 80% moisture (60 pcf) right off the screen, dry (12 pcf)
hL = 0.5 – 2.5 ft (max)
hL=(Vs2-vc2)/(2g * 0.7)
Vs= velocity through the bars
vc= approach velocity in the upstream channel
ComminutorsVendor-Provided Equipment
Purpose: to chop solids between 1/4 - 3/8 inch to prevent pumps from being clogged.
Comminutors are installed directly into the influent channel.
Since comminutors come in a standard size, it is not unusual to select the comminutor first, then size the channel.
Comminutors should be provided with a
by-pass channel and a hand cleaned bar screen.
(from Peavy, Rowe, and Tchobanoglous, 1985, p. 220)
Grit Chambers
Purpose: to remove inorganic material referred to as grit. Grit includes sand, eggshells, bone chips, coffee grounds, etc.
Grit is removed to prevent abrasion of pumps and to reduce deposits in pipe lines, channels, and digesters.
Grit ChamberGeneral Design Criteria
Specific gravity of grit: 2.65
Diameter of grit: 0.22 mm
Settling velocity: 0.075 fps
Equivalent overflow rate: 48,400 gpd/ft2
Grit ChamberGeneral Design Criteria
Quantity of girt: 1/3 to 24 ft3/MG
Ave = 4 ft3 /MG
Disposal of grit: land fill or incineration (Grit must be washed before disposal)
Grit chamber storage:
Small plant: provide storage below the design invert depending on the quantity and frequency of removal.
Large plant: continuous removal, the conveyor hopper is designed based on the size of the equipment.
Grit ChambersTypes
Square Clarifier (Detritus Tank)
Aerated Tanks
Grit ChamberSquare Clarifier (Detritus Tank)
Detritus tanks are designed so that the horizontal velocity is 1.0 fps at maximum flow. This means that at low flow, the velocity is less than 1.0 fps, and therefore, organic material will accumulate.
Organics are removed by counter current washing as the grit moves up an incline for disposal.
(from Tchobanoglous and Burton, 1991, p. 456)
Grit ChamberSquare Clarifier (Detritus Tank)
Basic Design Criteria
Vs = 0.075 fps @ Average Flow
td < 1 min
Overflow rate: 48,400 gpd/ft2
Vh: 0.75-1.25 fps (keeps organics in suspension)
Grit ChamberAerated Grit Chamber
Upon discovering that grit accumulated in the bottom of activated sludge aeration basins, it has became common practice to use aerated grit chambers.
Aeration also provides pretreatment of the waste by removing odors and inducing flocculation of the organic material making primary clarification more effective.
(from Tchobanoglous and Burton, 1991, p. 461)
Aerated Grit ChamberBenefits of Pre-aeration
By providing preaeration, primary treatment is improved through:
Grit removal
Flocculation
Odor Control
Grease Separation
Design the detention time and aeration rate to control all four