Automotive spark ignited direct injection gasoline engines
#1

Abstract
The development of four-stroke, spark-ignition engines that are designed to inject gasoline directly into the combustion
chamber is an important worldwide initiative of the automotive industry. The thermodynamic potential of such engines for
significantly enhanced fuel economy, transient response and cold-start hydrocarbon emission levels has led to a large number of
research and development projects that have the goal of understanding, developing and optimizing gasoline direct-injection
(GDI) combustion systems. The processes of fuel injection, spray atomization and vaporization, charge cooling, mixture
preparation and the control of in-cylinder air motion are all being actively researched, and this work is reviewed in detail
and analyzed. The new technologies such as high-pressure, common-rail, gasoline injection systems and swirl-atomizing
gasoline fuel injectors are discussed in detail, as these technologies, along with computer control capabilities, have enabled
the current new examination of an old objective; the direct-injection, stratified-charge (DISC), gasoline engine. The prior work
on DISC engines that is relevant to current GDI engine development is also reviewed and discussed.
The fuel economy and emission data for actual engine configurations are of significant importance to engine researchers and
developers. These data have been obtained and assembled for all of the available GDI literature, and are reviewed and discussed
in detail. The types of GDI engines are arranged in four classifications of decreasing complexity, and the advantages and
disadvantages of each class are noted and explained. Emphasis is placed upon consensus trends and conclusions that are evident
when taken as a whole. Thus the GDI researcher is informed regarding the degree to which engine volumetric efficiency and
compression ratio can be increased under optimized conditions, and as to the extent to which unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC),
NOx and particulate emissions can be minimized for specific combustion strategies. The critical area of GDI fuel injector
deposits and the associated effect on spray geometry and engine performance degradation are reviewed, and important system
guidelines for minimizing deposition rates and deposit effects are presented. The capabilities and limitations of emission control
techniques and aftertreatment hardware are reviewed in depth, and areas of consensus on attaining European, Japanese and
North American emission standards are compiled and discussed.
All known research, prototype and production GDI engines worldwide are reviewed as to performance, emissions and fuel
economy advantages, and for areas requiring further development. The engine schematics, control diagrams and specifications
are compiled, and the emission control strategies are illustrated and discussed. The influence of lean-NOx catalysts on the
development of late-injection, stratified-charge GDI engines is reviewed, and the relative merits of lean-burn, homogeneous,
direct-injection engines as an option requiring less control complexity are analyzed. All current information in the literature is
used as the
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#2


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