presented by:
Submitted By
Miss. Smruti S. Bele

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Artificial intelligence [AI] is exhibited by artificial entity; a system is generally assumed to be a computer. It is the Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology..
Intelligence involves mechanisms, and AI research has discovered how to make computers carry out some of them and not others. If doing a task requires only mechanisms that are well understood today, computer programs can give very impressive performances on these tasks. Such programs should be considered somewhat intelligent''. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence. We can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand, most work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals.. We discussed conditions for considering a machine to be intelligent. We argued that if the machine could successfully pretend to be human to a knowledgeable observer then you certainly should consider it intelligent.
This paper briefly describes how Artificial Intelligence works and the various techniques used in AI. It further describes, the greatest advances that have occurred in the field of Medicine, Military, Expert Systems, Robotics and Natural Language Processing. This paper deals with latest advances that have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.
Today, the hottest area of Artificial Intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and natural language processing. Robotics incorporating artificial intelligence interaction with laser, ultrasound, MRI scanning, are performing delicate brain surgery more accurately than by traditional surgical approaches. A.I. was used in the investigation of Mars in July 1997. This paper reflects the potential impact of AI on our lives. Artificial Intelligence is likely to continue to creep into our lives without us really noticing.
Artificial Intelligence
1.Introduction:
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines find solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithm in human friendly way. It is basically the ability of a machine to think for itself. It aims at getting computers to do tasks which require human intelligence. In short it can be described as:
Simple things turn out to be the hardest to automate:
*Recognizing a face.
*Navigating a busy street.
*Understanding what someone says.
2. Why Artificial Intelligence?
Motivation...
Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations, using fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to perform monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill - suited to. For more complex problems, things get more difficult. Unlike humans, computers have trouble understanding specific situations, and adapting to new situations. Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior in tackling such complex tasks.
3. How does Artificial Intelligence work?
Technology...
Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been focusing on solving specific problems. Numerous solutions have been devised and improved to do so efficiently and reliably. This explains why the field of Artificial Intelligence is split into many branches. Some of the branches have been explained below:
Planning:
Planning programs start with general facts about the world (especially facts about the effects of actions), facts about the particular situation and a statement of a goal. From these, they generate a strategy for achieving the goal. In the most common cases, the strategy is just the sequence of actions.
Pattern recognition:
The main focus in AI today is getting a computer to recognize, make senses and recreate in what it sees and hears.
The two major divisions of pattern recognition are machine vision and sound.
Pattern-Recognition-Vision:
It's goal is to get a computer to recognize pictures so that it can recognize objects in its surroundings that would be helpful in robotics.
Pattern-Recognition-Sound:
It wants to achieve a similar goal but is a primary concern with companies that want to produce a new means in which a person interacts with a computer by talking.
Ontology:
Ontology is the study of what objects are and what are they made of. It is the study of kinds of things that exist. In AI, the programs and sentences deal with various kinds of objects, and we study what these kinds are and what their basic properties are.
Robotics:
Robotics is the study of how to design, build, use, and work with robots. Robots are mechanical devices that can move and react to sensory input giving them some degree of autonomous control.
Robots are widely used in the industrial sector performing high-precision jobs such as painting and wielding. They are used in laboratories for repetitive tasks in chemistry and biology, and in situations, which would be dangerous for humans such as cleaning toxic waste or defusing bombs.
Three laws of robotics:
1. A robot may not injure or harm a human being or allow a human being to come to harm.
2. 2. A robot must follow the instructions given to it by a human being without violating Rule 1
3. 3. A robot must protect itself as long as such protection does not violate Rules 1 and 2.
ASIMO uses sensors and intelligent algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs.
Artificial life:
Artificial life is a field of scientific study that attempts to model living biological systems through complex algorithms. Scientists use these models to test and experiment with a multitude of factors on the behaviour of the systems.
Artificial life: From robot dreams to reality
It is a diverse field of research, but a common theme is testing out the fundamental principles of life by building detailed working models. One of the most ambitious goals of artificial-life research is the construction of living systems out of non-living parts. Artificial life is a blanket term used to refer to human attempts at setting up systems with lifelike properties all biological organisms possess, such as self-reproduction, homeostasis, adaptability, mutational variation, optimization of external states, and so on.
Epistemology:
Epistemology is a study of knowledge that are required for solving problems in the world.
4. Who uses Artificial Intelligence?
Applications...
To be useful, a system has to be able to do more than just correctly perform some task.
-- Johan McDermott
Artificial Intelligence is helping people in every field to make better use of information to work harder not smarter. The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are abundant. However, some of the applications of AI have been listed below:
Medicine:
NEW BLOOD TEST SPOTS CANCER:
In one of the biggest advances in cancer research in years, scientists have developed a blood test that can detect cancer with a greater than 90% accuracy. This artificial intelligence --already tested for cancers of the breast, ovary, and lung--could one day be used to detect many types cancer. 'All that's needed is a single drop of blood’… 'The computer does the rest.'...In tests on several hundred blood samples, some taken from women with ovarian cancer and others from healthy women, the test proved 'an astonishing' 100% accurate in detecting cancer, even at the earliest stages.
Artificial nose:
Scientists have endowed computers with eyes to see, thanks to digital cameras, and ears to hear, via microphones and sophisticated recognition software. Now they're taking computers further into the realm of the senses with the development of an artificial nose.
E-NOSE TO SNIFF OUT HOSPITAL SUPERBUGS:
"E-nose analyses gas samples by passing the gas over an array of electrodes coated with different conducting polymers. Each electrode reacts to particular substance by changing its electrical resistance in a characteristic way. Combining the signals from all the electrodes gives a 'smell-print' of the chemicals in the mixture that neural network software built into the e-nose can learn to recognize. As a result, it can be detected from the smell alone that what the bacterial infections are.
Military:
A NEW MODEL OF ARMY SOLDIER ROLLS CLOSER TO THE BATTLEFIELD:
The American military is working on a new generation of soldier, far different from the army it has. 'They don't feel hungry,' said Gordon Johnson of the Joint Forces Command at the Pentagon. 'They are not afraid. They don't forget their orders. They don't care if the guy next to them has just been shot. Will they do a better job than humans? Yes.' The robot soldier is coming. The Pentagon predicts that robots will be a major fighting force in American military in less than a decade, hunting and killing enemies in combat. Robots are a crucial part of the Army's effort to rebuild itself as a 21st-century fighting force, and a $127 billion project called Future Combat Systems is the biggest military contract in American history.
Through artificial intelligence, engineers and computer scientists are capable of creating machines that perform dangerous tasks in place of humans. Here, a police robot handles a live bomb.