Sir I Need notes urgently please sir I searched a lot of notes reguarding this subject I was unable to find it please help me out with this sir
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Retrofitting reduces the vulnerability of damage to an existing structure during a future earthquake. Its goal is to strengthen a structure that meets the requirements of current codes for seismic design. In this sense, seismic adaptation is beyond conventional repair or even rehabilitation. The principles of seismic adaptation refer to the goals, objectives and steps. The steps include evaluation of the condition of the structure, evaluation of seismic forces, selection of reconditioning strategies and construction. Applications include different types of buildings, industrial structures, bridges, urban transport structures, marine structures and land retention structures. The benefits of adaptation include reduced loss of life and damage to essential facilities, and functional continuity of lifeline structures.
For an existing good structure, the cost of adaptation tends to be less than the cost of replacement. Thus, adaptation of structures is an essential component of long-term disaster mitigation. It was proposed seismically update a seven-story non-ductile concrete framed building from the early nineties of the vintage. The results of the analysis revealed that the structures did not have enough structural capacity to withstand even a moderate earthquake. To ensure a higher level of safety, reduce the risk of exorbitant repair costs and minimize downtime of buildings after an earthquake, the seismic improvement of the structural system was intended to focus on the performance standard of "occupancy Immediately. A two-stage approach was used to address this complex adaptation problem. The first part consisted in providing sturdy concrete moment frames in each direction using the time-tested coating methodology. This ensured adequate strength and stiffness to the structure.
Concrete structures exhibit excellent performance in terms of structural performance and durability, except in those areas that are exposed to severe environmental and mechanical loads. The rehabilitation of deteriorated concrete structures is also a heavy burden from the socio-economic point of view, as it also leads to significant user costs. As a consequence, new concepts must be developed for the rehabilitation of concrete structures. Sustainable concrete structures of the future will be those in which interventions will be kept to the minimum possible of only preventive maintenance without interruptions of the service or with little interruption. Over the last 10 years, considerable efforts to improve the behavior of cementing materials through the incorporation of fibers have led to the appearance of reinforced concrete with high performance fiber (UHPFRC).